Restructured electric market environment allows the power wheeling transactions between the power producers and customers to meet the growing load demand. This will lead to the possible of congestion in the transmission lines. The possible contingencies of power components further worsen the scenario. This paper describes the methodology for the identification of critical transmission line by computing the real power and reactive power performance indices. It also demonstrates the importance of fuzzy logic technique used to rank the transmission lines according to the severity and demonstrated on IEEE-30 bus system.
Most of the electric utilities across the world are undergoing restructured process to meet the growing load demand. This will introduce competition in generation, transmission and distribution sectors. This competitive environment provides the platform to deliver the power efficiently by the power producers at affordable price for the customers. This restructured power market structure allows the power transactions between the power producers and customers through wheeling transactions [
Real power performance index is the measure of real power carried by the transmission lines with respect to its capacity. Many researchers have described the importance and necessity of real power performance index applied to practical utility system [
Sood et al. presented the detailed literature survey about the concept of wheeling and it impacts on the power flow in restructured power market. The methodologies, regulatory issues, future planning of the restructured power market are explained with the supportive papers [
Kamwa et al. proposed a Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA) for contingency ranking with the help of short term Fourier transform. A hybrid intelligent technique is introduced using fuzzy logic and neural network to improve the assessment of reliability and security [
The intuition of this paper is to identify the critical lines and monitor the power flow in the restructured power market environment with wheeling transactions. Ranking the critical lines using real power index and reactive power index leads to masking effect. Hence the fuzzy logic technique is used to identify the critical lines in the market using the real power performance index (PIp) and reactive power performance index (PIv) of the system.
The objective of the work is to determine the power flow in all the transmission lines.
where, Ni―Number of transmission lines;
Pi―Number of generators in MW.
The system constraint is given as follows,
where Pd is the total load of the system and Pl is the transmission losses of the system.
The power flow equation of the power network
where,
where,
Pi and Qi are respectively calculated real and reactive power for PQ bus i;
Pm and
The inequality constraint on real power generation Pgi of each generation i
where,
The inequality constraint on voltage of each PQ bus
where,
Power limit on transmission line
where,
Contingency analysis is the simulation analysis that employs various contingencies associated with probable events, to come up with the most optimal responses under the circumstances. By analyzing the effects of contingency events in advance, problems and unstable situations can be identified, critical configurations can be recognized, operating constraints & limits can be applied and corrective actions can be planned. The ranking of dangerous or unstable contingencies according to their order of severity is known as contingency ranking. By contingency ranking the system operator can be cautioned about the vulnerable lines present in the system and he can preset the corrective measures in case of outage of that line.
In this type of analysis, the objective is to find overloads or voltage violations under such contingencies and the proper measures that are needed to alleviate these violations. Identification of these contingencies and determination of the corrective actions often involve exhaustive load flow calculations. Contingency analysis is an important aspect of power system security assessment. As various probable outages compose a “contingency set”, some cases in the contingency-set may lead to transmission line over loads or bus voltage limit violations during power system operations. Such critical contingencies should be quickly identified for further detailed evaluation or, where possible, corrective measures taken. The process of identifying these critical contingencies is referred to as “contingency analysis”.
The objective of steady state contingency analysis is to investigate the effects of transmission unit outages on MVA line flows and bus voltage magnitudes. For this purpose performance indices values of bus voltage magnitude and apparent power are calculated with masking effect taken into account. An index for quantifying the extent of line overloads may be defined in terms of performance index. Contingencies are ranked in an approximate order of a scalar performance index (PI). These indices are calculated using the conventional power flow algorithms for individual contingencies. It is a scalar value. The structure of the PI and the proper choice of the valuation criterion are the key to the quality of the automatic contingency selection. PI serves as a penalty function for limit violations. As a measure of the impact of each contingency on the system, the PI should have essentially two aspects of functions:
There are two kinds of performance index namely active power performance index (PIp) and reactive power performance index (PIv) respectively.
PIp reflects the violation of line active power flow
where,
Pi is active power flow in line i;
Pimax is maximum active power flow in line i;
m is the masking factor;
L is the total number of transmission lines in the system.
The value of maximum power flow in each line is calculated using the formula
where,
Vi = Voltage at bus i obtained from FDLF solution;
Vj = Voltage at bus j obtained from FDLF solution;
X = Reactance of the line connecting bus i and bus j.
Another performance index parameter which is used is reactive power performance index corresponding to bus voltage magnitude violations. It is mathematically denoted using the formula given below.
where Vi = Voltage of bus i;
Vimax and Vimin are maximum and minimum voltage limits;
Vinom is average of Vimax and Vimin;
Npq is total number of buses in the system;
m is the masking factor.
The reactive power performance index (PIv) can be calculated using the maximum and minimum voltage limits, generally a margin of ±5% is kept for assigning the limits i.e., 1.05 p.u. for maximum and 0.95 p.u. for minimum. It is to be renowned that the above performance indices are supportive for performing the contingency selection for line contingencies only. The PI value can be obtained for each contingency the lines in the bus system are being numbered as per convenience, then a particular transmission line at a time is simulated for outage condition and the individual power flows and the bus voltages are being calculated with the help of Newton Raphson load flow solution.
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic or probabilistic logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. In contrast with traditional logic, they can have varying values, where binary sets have two-valued logic, true or false, fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific functions. Fuzzy logic began with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi Zadeh [
The fuzzy set theory is developed for contingency ranking of power system. It is necessary to examine whether a power system can remain in a secure and reliable operating state under contingency conditions. Then Newton Raphson load flow method is performed to estimate post-contingent quantities (line flows, bus voltages) for other contingency cases. Based on system operators’ past experience, each post-contingent quantity is assigned a degree of severity according to the potential damage that could be imposed on the power system by the quantity, should the contingency occurs. Since human experts tend to use linguistic variables to describe the degree of severity, uncertainty or imprecision exists in knowledge representation, an approach based on fuzzy set theory is developed to deal with the imprecision of linguistic terms. With the degree of severity for each quantity in a contingency case described by a fuzzy set, a set of fuzzy reasoning procedures are developed to generate the real power performance index (PIp) and reactive power performance index (PIv) for each contingency case. Ranking the critical lines using real power index and reactive power index leads to masking effect. Hence the fuzzy logic technique is used to identify the critical lines in the market. Those contingency cases with high degree of severity are provided to system operators for further examination in order to decide the appropriate actions that should be taken in the real time before the system moves towards instability. The step by step procedure to incorporate the contingency ranking analysis in the restructured power market is given in the
The main intuition of the work is to perform the contingency selection process, by calculating active and reactive power performance indices PIp and PIv respectively. The computation of these indices has been carried out by load flow analysis using Newton Raphson method. The study has been carried out and demonstrated on IEEE 30 bus test system. The bus data and line data for the IEEE 30 bus system are taken from [
The following case studies are carried out on the test system to demonstrate the importance of contingency ranking and the simulation is carried out in the power system tool box in MATLAB environment.
The active and reactive power performance indices are calculated using the formula given in Equation (7) and (9) by considering the outage of (n − 1) line and the calculated indices are tabulated in
The performance indices and contingency ranking using fuzzy logic for the IEEE 30 bus system is given in
After the fuzzy ranking, it is observed that the outage of line number 01 is the most vulnerable and its outage will consequence a huge impact on the entire system and other ranking of the lines are also given in the above table. Fuzzy logic technique gives the cumulative effect of both real and reactive power indices and provides fair results by eliminating masking effect.
Line No. | From Bus | To Bus | Real Power Performance Index (PIp) | Ranking | Reactive Power Performance Index (PIv) | Ranking | Fuzzy Output | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | 01 | 02 | 0.4179 | 01 | 16.894 | 04 | 18.0 | 01 |
02 | 03 | 01 | 0.1426 | 04 | 10.384 | 10 | 3.58 | 10 |
03 | 05 | 07 | 0.1126 | 08 | 16.747 | 05 | 3.62 | 08 |
04 | 06 | 28 | 0.1108 | 09 | 16.0024 | 06 | 3.60 | 09 |
05 | 07 | 06 | 0.1307 | 05 | 21.392 | 01 | 11.40 | 05 |
06 | 12 | 04 | 0.1757 | 02 | 13.7204 | 09 | 11.00 | 04 |
07 | 06 | 10 | 0.1042 | 10 | 20.5988 | 02 | 10.95 | 03 |
08 | 06 | 12 | 0.1251 | 06 | 15.6984 | 07 | 3.64 | 07 |
09 | 02 | 05 | 0.1572 | 03 | 14.0912 | 08 | 9.69 | 06 |
10 | 12 | 16 | 0.1145 | 07 | 19.1016 | 03 | 10.9 | 02 |
Transactions | From Bus No. | To Bus No. | Magnitude of Real Power (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 21 | 29 | 10 |
T2 | 17 | 11 | 05 |
From Bus No. | Power Injection | To Bus No. | Magnitude of Real Power (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
07 | 15 | 29 | 08 |
11 | 07 |
The bilateral and multilateral transactions are carried out to convert the test system into a restructured environment. Then the load flow analysis is carried out for 10 lines contingency case with transactions. The power injection and extraction details of the wheeling transaction are given in
The
The
The performance indices and contingency ranking using fuzzy logic for the IEEE-30 bus system is given in
The output of fuzzy technique to rank the credible contingency is shown in
Line No. | From Bus | To Bus | Real Power Performance Index (PIp) | Ranking | Reactive Power Performance Index (PIv) | Ranking | Fuzzy Output | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | 01 | 02 | 0.4205 | 03 | 19.40 | 03 | 11.45 | 01 |
02 | 03 | 01 | 3.6574 | 01 | 10.9288 | 10 | 11.13 | 04 |
03 | 05 | 07 | 0.119 | 08 | 17.1068 | 05 | 3.62 | 07 |
04 | 06 | 28 | 0.1202 | 07 | 16.9872 | 06 | 3.60 | 08 |
05 | 07 | 06 | 0.1246 | 06 | 20.5016 | 01 | 11.39 | 02 |
06 | 12 | 04 | 0.1701 | 04 | 13.6144 | 09 | 3.57 | 10 |
07 | 06 | 10 | 0.116 | 10 | 20.4656 | 02 | 11.20 | 03 |
08 | 06 | 12 | 2.1619 | 02 | 14.764 | 08 | 11.00 | 05 |
09 | 02 | 05 | 0.1612 | 05 | 15.1156 | 07 | 3.59 | 09 |
10 | 12 | 16 | 0.1156 | 09 | 18.098 | 04 | 3.65 | 06 |
From
The power flow analysis in the restructured power environment for IEEE 30 bus test system is carried out with and without wheeling transactions by satisfying the system constraints. The ranking of transmission lines due to the power flow is carried out by computing PIp and PIv values. The masking effect of ranking is eliminated by incorporating fuzzy technique in the above methodology. This work gives a clear insight about the importance of the fuzzy decision making technique to rank the critical transmission lines in the restructured power market.
S. Rajasekaran,S. Sathiyamoorthy, (2016) Fuzzy Based Intelligent Monitoring of Critical Lines in the Restructured Power Market. Circuits and Systems,07,2196-2206. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.79191