In this study, a method for determining the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction of a silicon solar cell is presented. The expression of intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction was established under irradiation in frequency modulation. Based on this expression, an electrical model of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is presented.
Photovoltaic conversion is provided by a solar photovoltaic cell whose conversion efficiency depends on the nature and the semiconductor structure, its manufacturing technique and operation. Given the low efficiency of these solar cells, researchers have been involved in various research works by offering several characterization techniques of the semiconductor material and in particular on the design of solar cells. Among the most important parameters in the different techniques characterization, one can cite: the diffusion coefficient
The photovoltaic cell considered is of type n+ pp+ [
Under the effect of an excitation (optical or electric) of the charge carriers are generated in the base the photovoltaic cell. They can either pass through the space charge region where they participate in the external current, or they undergo recombination. The latter are due to defects (grain boundaries, impurity atoms...) related to the manufacture of the light silicon solar. Taking into account the generation phenomena, diffusion and recombination in the solar cell, the equation of continuity the minority carrier charge in the base at x frequency in dynamicregime is of the form:
where D* is the diffusion coefficient G and the global rate of generation of carriers. The determination of the diffusion coefficient and the global rate of generation proves fundamental for the study of a solar cell in static regime or frequency dynamic regime. Indeed, several studies have been done on the global rate of generation and the diffusion coefficient [
a) Global rate of generation under monochromatic illumination [
The expression of the global rate of generation under monochromatic illumination in frequency dynamic regime and static mode is given by the relation:
with gn(x) the space component and
According to the illumination mode the generation rate gn(x) as follows:
For illumination of the front face: (n = 1)
For illumination the back face: (n = 2)
For simultaneous illumination of two faces: (n = 3)
a(l) is the absorption coefficient at the wavelength l; I0 is the flux incident monochromatic light; R(l) is the
reflection coefficient at the wavelength l; H is the thickness of the solar cell.
b) Global rate of generation under polychromatic illumination [
The expression of the global rate of generation under polychromatic illumination is given by:
According to the illumination mode, the generation rate gn(x) is as follows:
For illumination of the front face:
For illumination the backface:
For a simultaneous illumination of two face:
ai and bi are coefficients deduced from solar radiation under AM 1,5 spectrum; we set n = 1 (Number of sun).
c) Diffusion coefficient according to the rate of doping [
The doping of semiconductors is an important element for the manufacture of electronic components. Indeed, a pure semiconductor (intrinsic) is almost insulating at the ambient temperature, with a valence band almost entirely full, and a tape of conduction almost entirely empty. Therefore, the interesting electronic properties are related to the possibility “of doping” material by the introduction of adequate impurities making it possible to introduce free carriers. The diffusion coefficient depends on the doping level is given by the equation:
where
doping in the base.
d) Diffusion coefficient according to the magnetic field [
The expression of the diffusion coefficient D* as a function of magnetic field in the static mode is given by the relationship:
D0 is diffusion constant without magnetic field, μ is the electron mobility and B is the intensity of the magnetic field.
e) Diffusion coefficient according to the rate of doping and the magnetic field [
The expressions of the coefficient of diffusion and diffusion length according to the magnetic field and rate of doping on a photovoltaic cell with static rate were proposed. It is given by the relation:
L(Nb, B) is the diffusion length of the minority carrier in the base under the influence of the magnetic field and the doping level. It is given by the following expression:
f) Diffusion coefficient according to the frequency [
The expression of the diffusion coefficient as a function of frequency is given by the following relationship:
With D is the coefficient of minority carrier diffusion in the base without of pulsation, radiation and magnetic field.
g) Diffusion coefficient according to the frequency and the rate of doping [
Under the effect of doping rate, the expression of the diffusion coefficient in frequency dynamic regime is of the following form:
h) Diffusion coefficient according to the frequency and the magnetic field [
Frequency in the dynamic regime and under the effect of a magnetic field, the expression of the diffusion coefficient is given by the following relationship:
with
i) Diffusion coefficient according to the frequency, the damage coefficient and radiation energy [
The terms of the diffusion coefficient and diffusion length depending on the radiation energy and damage coefficient by frequency dynamic regime are given respectively by the following equations:
with
L0 is the diffusion length without of pulsation, radiation and magnetic field.
j) Diffusion coefficient according to the frequency, the damage coefficient, the radiation energy and the magnetic field [
The expression of the diffusion coefficient as a function of the modulation frequency and the intensity of the magnetic field is given by equation
k) Diffusion coefficient according to the recombination velocity at the grain boundaries and grain size [
The diffusion coefficient in function of the recombination velocity at the grain boundaries and the grain size is obtained from the solution of the equation of continuity of the three-dimensional base. By using the boundary conditions, we obtain two transcendental equations. The expressions transcendental equations and the diffusion coefficient are given respectively by the following Equations (21), (22) and (23).
gx is the width of the grain, gy the length of the grain Sgb effective recombination velocity at grain boundaries, Ck and CJ are the eigen values of transcendental equations. From these equations, we will draw the expressions of eigen value CK and CJ based on the recombination rate at the joints and of the grain size. Thus the expression of the diffusion coefficient as a function of the grain size g and the recombination velocity at grain boundaries is given by equation (24):
l) Diffusion coefficient according to the temperature [
The diffusion coefficient based on the static state temperature is given by the relationship Albert Einstein which is written in the form:
m) Diffusion coefficient according to the electric field [
Under the effect of an electric field and static regime the diffusion coefficient of minority carriers in the base is given by the following expression:
where LE is a factor that accounts for the phenomena of migration in the base of the solar cell.
After having pointed out some expressions of global generation and diffusion coefficient, we can solve a priori the continuity equation. For the resolution of the continuity equation, the overall rate of generation and minority carrier’s density can be expressed in the following form, respectively.
Thus Equation (1) can be put in the form:
The Equation (30) being a differential of the second degree with second member thus the general solution is:
For the determination of the coefficients A and B we are used the boundary conditions [
At the junction (x = 0)
At the back surface (x = H)
where Sf and Sb are respectively the recombination velocity of minority charge carriers at the junction and at the back face; Sf is the sum of two contributions: [
Sf0 is the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction induced by the shunt resistor and the Sfj is the recombination velocity related to the load imposing the point of operation on the photovoltaic cell.
The photocurrent is obtained by the gradient of minority carriers at junction and is given by the following expression:
where q is the elementary charge. On
recombination velocity at the back side Sb:
The shape of this curve shows that for the photovoltaic cells of the type BSF (low Sb), the density of photocurrent is maximum for finally decrease until reaching a constant value for the great Sb values modelling solar cells of an ohmic type.
The intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction recombinatoires characterizing certain phenomena of excess minority carriers in solar cells surfaces, is investigated to check their qualities. Thus, studies have been conducted on the determination of intrinsic expressions of recombination velocities at the junction into static regimes, transient and frequency dynamic in monochromatic or polychromatic illumination. Indeed, the shape of the curve of variation of the photocurrent density of the modulus versus the recombination rate at the back side Sb shows that at high values of the recombination rate at the back side Sb, these curves show each horizontal level. The gradient of the photocurrent compared to Sb tends then towards zero. Thus, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is obtained by derivation of the density of the photocurrent (Jph) compared to the recombination velocity at the back face Sb.
Depending on the system studied and the manner of illumination of the solar cell, a number of expressions of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction Sf0 have been proposed.
a) Static regime [
When the bifacial solar cell is illuminated by its front or its rear face with a monochromatic light, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is given by the following expressions.
For illumination of the front face:
For illumination the back face:
For simultaneous illumination of two face:
When the solar cell is under polychromatic illumination via its front or its rear face, expressions intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction are given by:
For illumination of the front face:
For illumination of the back face:
For simultaneous illumination of two face:
Parameter bi is coefficient deduced from solar radiation under AM 1,5 [
In the three-dimensional model, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction which takes account of recombination velocity at the grain boundaries is given by:
Under polychromatic illumination:
Under monochromatic illumination:
with
k, j: directions related indexes x and y respectively.
Lkj: Username scattering length associated with modes j and k in the database.
b) Transient dynamic regime [
When the transient dynamic regime is obtained by varying the operating point of a solar cell under constant multispectral illumination, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction depends on the eigenvalues of the transcendental equation is given by:
or
The expression of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is:
In the presence of magnetic field, it has the same expression but with D which depends on the magnetic field. We have:
c) Frequency Dynamic regime [
When illuminates the bifacial solar cell with a multispectral light frequency modulation, new expressions of the intrinsic recombination speeds are obtained:
• For illumination from the front side, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is given by:
• For illumination the back face, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is given by:
• If a simultaneous illumination of both sides, the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction is given by:
In these expressions
The profile of each intrinsic recombination velocity considered, shows an increase in speed as a function of the modulation frequency of the illumination; with the result that it y' has a very significant recombination of excess minority carriers in the junction of the photovoltaic cell. When one varies the incident wavelength, in addition to the modulation frequency, the same expressions of intrinsic recombination velocities above are obtained. These recombination rates decrease as a function of wavelength.
The expression of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction of a photovoltaic cell in monofociale frequency dynamic mode under monochromatic illumination in the presence of magnetic field and under irradiation energy is given by the following expression:
The phase of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction Sf0 versus the logarithm of frequency for different values of the flow is shown in
It is noted that the quasi-static regime Sf phase is negative, so the capacitive effects predominate, by dynamic system comprises a frequency, the phase Sf is both negative and positive. In this case, simultaneously inductive effects and capacitive effects.
In
To better interpret
Graphically, we find that
It is observed that these curves have an elliptic form with values negative and positive of the imaginary part of Sf0 which justify the capacitive and inductive effects previously cities. One deduces from it that the energy lost by capacitive effect is entirely restored by inductive effect, which justifies the stability of our model.
Nyquist diagram of intrinsic recombination velocity allows us to determine two specific values of this velocity for a value of the irradiation energy. One corresponding to the diameter of the ellipses denoted Sf0,p (for w®¥) and the other denoted Sf0,s (for w®0) (see
(related to Sf0,p) where short circuit of the solar cell by using calibration curves
The
Knowing the values of the parallel resistor Rp and cutoff frequency value [
From this
ϕP (MeV) | Rp (Ω∙cm2) | RS (Ω∙cm2) | C (F) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 3.86 × 104 | 8.49 | 1.02 × 10−10 |
50 | 3.26 × 104 | 7.21 | 1.21 × 10−10 |
100 | 2.86 × 104 | 6.61 | 1.38 × 10−10 |
150 | 2.53 × 104 | 5.56 | 1.56 × 10−10 |
200 | 2.27 × 104 | 4.99 | 1.74 × 10−10 |
250 | 0.24 × 104 | 4.52 | 16.5 × 10−10 |
A theoretical study has been performed on the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction of a Sf0 monofaciale silicon solar cell and under monochromatic illumination modulation frequency and irradiation. This study allowed us to remember the expressions of the global generation rate depending on the type of illumination and expressions of the diffusion coefficient according to some electrical parameters. In addition, the study of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction has allowed us to highlight the different relationships of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction following the plans and the type of illumination. Indeed, this study also allowed us to show that frequency dynamic regime, the model of the recombination rate at the junction Sf0 is ideal. Moreover with an applied irradiation energy, recombination of the minority carriers is slowed. Taking into account these results, an equivalent electrical model of the intrinsic recombination velocity at the junction has been proposed.
El HadjiNdiaye,GokhanSahin,MoustaphaDieng,AmaryThiam,Hawa LyDiallo,MorNdiaye,GrégoireSissoko, (2015) Study of the Intrinsic Recombination Velocity at the Junction of Silicon Solar under Frequency Modulation and Irradiation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,03,1522-1535. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2015.311177