Purpose.Thetheoretical description of Hubble’s diagrams asymmetry of and calculating the anisotropy of the deceleration parameter phenomenon, that was recently found by R.-G.Cai and Z.-L.Tuo.Method. For doing this the concepts of Universe rotation and its two-component model were attracted.Result.Our result is in good correlation (case of the upper magnitude index) with the value that was got in [1].Significance. The result of article gives new basing of the Universe rotation axis existence.
The discovering of the accelerating expansion of Universe though observations of distant supernovae [2,3] were stimulated large numbers of articles in which this effect was interprets not only in the framework of general relativity but from other theoretical viewpoints, also. In fact, in [
Separately to previous variants it’s necessary to mention the fundamental article [
and found the maximum anisotropy of the deceleration parameter.
Evidently, these results are possible to summaries as follows—our Universe is anisotropic in realty and possesses by any principal space axis. That is why the cosmological deceleration parameter will be anisotropic, also and must be depend on the principal space direction in definite way. These statements require theoretical basing the direction dependence of the cosmological deceleration parameter phenomenon.
Our searching we start from the well-known results. The uniform isotropic metric of the space-flat Universe () have the standard form
Einstein’s equations for the scale factor are
These equations is possible to deduce and from the Newtonian mechanics in the following way. Let’s consider the spherical volume of radius where concentrates any substance with the density and with the Hubble velocity distribution
In the motionless frame of reference the equation of motion of a probe particle that locates on the surface of this sphere, have the usual form
Making the well-known Tolman transformation, that allows taking into account the pressure influence on equation of motion, and putting it into (6) we get Equation (2). Next, multiplying left and right sides of (6) by we get Equation (3), that is connected with (6) by the law of energy conservation (4) [
In article [
Let’s start from searching the rotational movement of galaxies caused by the antigravitational vacuum force, only. As the model of examining type of galaxy the elliptical galaxy was chosen. For this shape of galaxy its equations of rotational motion are
In (7) is the first integral of the rotational motion, i.e.. It describes the component of angular velocity with respect to the specific momentum—C. Next, at deducing (7) it was put forward condition that galaxy angular velocity is very small. This allowed neglect the squared angular velocity components and the corresponding angular accelerations. And at last, it was assumed that arbitrary potential in (7) equals to the vacuum potential, where
Analysis of Equation (7) shown that solution for the precession angle evolving is. Basing on this result it is easy to calculate the angular velocity of the elliptical galaxy around axis. As for this case the following condition takes place, than its module equals
This expression describes the angular velocity that galaxy acquires due to the vacuum antigravitational force.
Admitting and putting thatwe find. So, its maximal magnitude will be under the condition. Then expression for the vacuum angular velocity simplifies and takes on the form
This expression interprets as the minimal angular velocity in the Universe that possesses an arbitrary object due to the vacuum presence. Its present numerical value is. Hence, the vacuum creates the identical initial angular velocity for all of cosmic objects, includeing the Universe itself.
At the earliest stages of the Universe evolution, for instance at the baryonic asymmetry epoch when vacuum density was of order, the angular velocity occurs equal. For the very early Universe when vacuum density was—, the Universe angular velocity is. This magnitude practically equals to the result of article [
Henceforth, from these investigations we get the following conclusion—the Universe rotation leads to picking out the principal direction in the space, it may be named as the Universe rotation axis. (Mark, that measurement along this axis only gives the Hubble parameter for the uniform Universe, because in the perpendicular directions the Carioles and centrifugal forces act, also).
For enriching our target, which was formulated in Section 1, put that distance
where is the distance in uniform space, while— small addition (perturb term) for describing the possible space anisotropy. Putting (11) into the Newtonian Equation (6) we get the equation
that may be decomposed on two parts, easily: main part
and perturb one
Later on these equations will be considered as are independent each other.
Performing the above mentioned Tolman transformation and substituting it into (13) we find equation
For the case of vacuum (,) the inflationary regime of the Universe expanding follows from (15) immediately—
It leads to the Hubble expansion law
and to the corresponding acceleration
Now consider the Equation (14). Suppose that in this equation, where is the baryonic substance density. The baryonic substance pressure let equals zero, for simplicity. Last requirement means considering the presence of two-component substance—cosmic vacuum and baryonic dust—in the Universe, that are not interact each other in the main approximation.
By introducing the designation, from (14) it follows
This oscillatory-type equation possesses by two roots
They lead to the presence of two perturb (with respect to (17)) velocities
and two corresponding accelerations
From physical viewpoint expressions (20)-(22) mean that presence of baryonic dust matter creates two spaceopposite fluxes that are propagate on the background of expanding and accelerating “Hubble vacuum flux” along the Universe rotation axis (see division 3). That is why it possible writes down the expressions for total distance, velocity and acceleration of any probe particle (galaxy)
Thus the cosmological deceleration parameter q with the accuracy no higher than is
Basing on the definitions of and we introduce the new coefficient. As in unit of the critical density and vacuum density, coefficient, henceforth.
From (24) it is possible find the relative acceleration difference between two baryonic fluxes with respect to the “Hubble vacuum flux”—
Assuming that for modern epoch we approximately get. Hence, the first term in right side of (25) tends to 1.2, while the second term tends to zero. So,
Basing on our assumption, that was argued earlier, we may put that it will satisfy if the ratio . This leads to the estimation that is in good correlation (case of the upper magnitude index) with the value in [
From observational data it was established the asymmetry of Hubble’s diagrams for the North and the South sky hemispheres [13,14]. Moreover it was estimated the space anisotropy of the deceleration parameter phenomenon, that was done by R.-G. Cai and Z.-L. Tuo. These facts require the adequate theoretical basing, hence.
For doing this the concepts of Universe vacuum rotation and its two independent component model (cosmic vacuum and baryonic dust) were attracted. Our result on the phenomenon of anisotropy the deceleration parameter calculation——is in good correlation
(case of the upper magnitude index) with the value
, which was evaluated in [
I would like to express the gratitude to Ministry of Education and Sciences, Republic of Kazakhstan for supports this searching in the framework of budget program 055, subprogram 101 “Grant financing of the scientific researchers”.
Also I thank a reviewer for his thought-out suggestions on the article’s content clarifying.