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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Substrate colonization and relative abundance of immature forms of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in river Mada, Nasarawa State Nigeria

  AUTHORS: Ndubisi Raphael Uzoigwe, Chukwuemaka Ikechukwu Njoku, Gideon Aduk Amuga, Jael Asabe Yohanna

  KEYWORDS: Black Flies; Colonization; Immature Forms; Mada River; Relative Abundance; Substrates

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Entomology, Vol.1 No.2, September 29, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Black flies, vectors of Onchocercavolvulus, are known to colonize fast flowing sections of rivers.A study on aspects of ecology of immature forms of black flies was conducted at River Mada. Larvae and Pupae of the Genus: Simulium were prospected on natural substrates found at various water currents along the course of the river over a 12-month period. Larvae of six speciesand pupae of three species were identified colonizing different substrates in the river. A total of 443 larvae and 142 pupae were collected, and thepeak month of collection was April. 405 (91.4%) larvae were identified as S.damnosum sl while 38 (8.6%) comprised S. adersi, S.hargreavesi, S.cervicornotum, S. bovisand S.vorax. 110 (77.5%) of the pupae collected were S.damnosumsl while 32 (22.5%) were S.adersi, and S.hargreavesi. The larvae unlike pupae appeared to be non discriminatory in substrate colonization and current preference. Paucity of the population of immature forms is observed and attributed primarily to scarcity of suitable substrates and other factors also discussed herein.