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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Wettability alteration by magnesium ion binding in heavy oil/brine/chemical/sand systems—analysis of hydration forces

  AUTHORS: Qiang Liu, Ming-Zhe Dong, Koorosh Asghari, Yun Tu

  KEYWORDS: Wettability Alteration; Alkaline Flooding; Magnesium Ion Binding; Interfacial Tension; Organic Acids

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Science, Vol.2 No.5, June 1, 2010

  ABSTRACT: In laboratory sandpack tests for heavy oil re-covery by alkaline flooding, it was found that wettability alteration of the sand had a significant impact on oil recovery. In this work, a heavy oil of 14? API was used to examine the effect of organic acids in the oil and water che- mistry on wettability alteration. From interfacial tension measurements and sand surface composition analysis, it was concluded that the water-wet sand became preferentially oil-wet by magnesium ion binding. The presence of Mg2+ in the heavy oil/Na2CO3 solution/sand system increased the oil/water interfacial tension. This confirmed the hypothesis that magnesium ion combined with the ionized organic acids to form magnesium soap at oil/water interface. Under alkaline condition, the ionized organic acids in the oil phase partition into the water phase and subsequently adsorb on the sand surfaces. The analysis of sand surface composition sugg- ested that more ionized organic acids adsorb- ed on the sand surface through magnesium ion binding. The attachment of more organic acids on the sand surface changed hydration forces, making the sand surface more oil-wet.