US-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, Issued April 2004.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: A Novel PSO Algorithm for Optimal Production Cost of the Power Producers with Transient Stability Constraints

  AUTHORS: M. ANITHA, S. SUBRAMANIAN, R. GNANADASS

  KEYWORDS: Optimal Power Flow, Production Cost, Ramping Cost, Fitness Distance Ratio Particle Swarm Optimization, Transient Stability Limit, Piecewise Linear Ramp Rate Limit

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol.1 No.4, December 31, 2009

  ABSTRACT: The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.