Shal, T. (2016). Investigating the Potential of Web 2.0 ICT Apps as Tools for Supporting Differentiated Leadership Development by Lebanese School Principals. An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Beirut: Lebanese University.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Lebanese Public Schools: 20th or 21st Century Schools? An Investigation into Teachers’ Instructional Practices

  AUTHORS: Norma Ghamrawi, Najah A. R. Ghamrawi, Tarek Shal

  KEYWORDS: 21st Century Schools, School Improvement, Instructional Practices, School Effectiveness, Teacher Education

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Leadership, Vol.6 No.1, January 24, 2017

  ABSTRACT: This study investigated the offerings of Lebanese public schools against requirements of 21st century skills through the lenses of teachers. A survey that captures the features of the 21st century schools was adapted from Hixson, Ravitz & Whisman (2012) and was administered to 667 middle and secondary schoolteachers in 68 public schools in Beirut and Mount Lebanon. The survey addressed 8 teaching practices that are recognized in the literature as the basic 21st century skills: critical thinking skills, collaboration skills, communication skills, creativity and innovation skills, self-direction skills, global connections skills, local connections skills, and technology skills. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for windows. Results indicated that a huge gap existed between how schools function as opposed to how they are supposed to do so, in light of the 21st century demands. Lebanese public schools have not yet moved to the 21st century and are quite far from doing so. Recommendations for policy and practice are provided.