TITLE:
Oceans, Ice & Snow and CO2 Rise, Swing and Seasonal Fluctuation
AUTHORS:
Michael D. Nelson, David B. Nelson
KEYWORDS:
CO2, Rise, Seasonal Fluctuation, Ice & Snow, Fossil Fuel Emissions, Biology
JOURNAL NAME:
International Journal of Geosciences,
Vol.7 No.10,
October
27,
2016
ABSTRACT: Carbon
dioxide rise, swing and spread (seasonal fluctuations) are addressed in this
study. Actual CO2 concentrations were used rather than dry values.
The dry values are artificially higher because water vapor must be removed in
order for the NDIR instrument to work and is not factored back into the
reported numbers. Articles addressing these observations express opinions that
are divergent and often conflicting. This investigation resolves many of those
inconsistencies. The data were obtained from many measuring stations at various
latitudes since 1972 and then graphical compared to changes in sea
temperatures, fossil fuel emissions, humidity, and seasonal ice and snow changes. In
analyzing the data, various parameters were addressed including: variability, R
squared curve values, correlations
between curves, residence times, absorption percentages, and Troposphere
effects. Mass balance calculations were also made to corroborate viability. The CO2 “rise”
over a 33-year
period from a slight ocean temperature increase (0.7°F) contributed 2.3 percent
of the total rise while fossil fuel emissions contributed 1.5 percent. The
overwhelming majority (60 ppmv, 96%+) was caused by other factors including
ocean and land biology as well potential errors in fundamental hypotheses. With
respect to “spread” (seasonal CO2 fluctuations) at the Polar
Circles, graphical analysis with high correlations supported by mass balance
calculations confirm that ice and snow are the primary cause and explain why
the concentrations are the highest at these cold locations. The global
variations in “swing” remain uncertain.