Effects of Curing Conditions and Formulations on Residual Monomer Contents and Temperature Increase of a Model UV Gel Nail Formulation

Kentaro Taki, Tomomi Nakamura

.

DOI: 10.4236/jcdsa.2011.14017                

Abstract

Recently, the application of ultraviolet (UV) curable monomers to human nails, (also known as UV gel nails) has become a popular decoration technique for women’s nails. However, the unreacted layer, the depletion of residual monomers from the cured UV gel nails, which can cause allergy and asthma, and the increase in temperature during curing process, are major concerns. In this study, the thickness of the unreacted layer, the increase in temperature, and the residual contents in cured film of UV gel nail treatment were measured for the first time. The results of this study indicated that the thickness of unreacted layer was not affected by the cast thickness; however, the intensity of UV light and the photoinitiator concentration had significant effect on the thickness of the unreacted layer. To reduce the thickness of the unreacted layer, the intensity of the UV light and the photoinitiator concentration should be increased. However, the maximum temperature observed during the curing of UV gel nails increases with an increase in the intensity of the UV light and the photoinitiator concentration. A suitable cast thickness range (21 ~ 150 μm), which resulted in the formation of a cured film and without producing temperatures that exceed that of the human body, was identified. The mass fraction of the residuals in the cured layer decreased with an increase in the exposure time, the UV intensity, and the photoinitiator concentration.

Keywords

Diffusion, Films, Heat Transfer, Polymers, UV Cure, Gel Nail, Artificial Nail

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	W. Hemmer, M. Focke, F. Wantke, M. Gotz and R. Jarisch, “Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Artificial Fingernails Prepared from UV Light-Cured Acrylates,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 35, No. 3, Part 1, 1996, pp. 377-380. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90600-3
[2]	P. Rich, “Nail Cosmetics and Camouflaging Techniques,” Dermatologic Therapy, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2001, pp. 228-236. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2001.01023.x
[3]	L. Constandt, E. V. Hecke, J. M. Naeyaert and A. Goossens, “Screening for Contact Allergy to Artificial Nails,” Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2005, pp.73-77. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00496.x
[4]	R. Sauni, P. Kauppi, K. Alanko, M.-L. Henriks-Eckerman, M. Tuppurainen and T. Hannu, “Occupational Asthma Caused by Sculptured Nails Containing Methacrylates,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 12, 2008, pp. 968-974. doi:10.1002/ajim.20633
[5]	S. R. Reutman, A. M. Rohs, J. C. Clark, B. C. Johnson, D. L. Sammons, C. A. Toennis, S. A. Robertson, B. A. MacKenzie and J. E. Lockey, “A Pilot Respiratory Health Assessment of Nail Technicians: Symptoms, Lung Function, and Airway Inflammation,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 52, No. 11, 2009, pp. 868-875. doi:10.1002/ajim.20751
[6]	W. D. Cook, “Photopolymerization Kinetics of Dimethacrylates Using the Camphorquinone Amine Initiator System,” Polymer, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 600-609. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90738-I
[7]	K. S. Anseth, S. M. Newman and C. N. Bowman, “Polymeric Dental Composites: Properties and Reaction Behavior of Multimethacrylate Dental Restorations,” Advances in Polymer Science, Vol. 122, 1995, pp. 177-277.
[8]	A. D. Neves, J. A. C. Discacciati, R. L. Oréfice and M. I. Yoshida, “Influence of the Power Density on the Kinetics of Photopolymerization and Properties of Dental Composites,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 72B, No. 2, 2005, pp. 393- 400. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30179
[9]	C. Sanglar, M. Defay, H. Waton, A. Bonhomme, S. Alamercery, R. Baudot, O. Paisse and M. F. Grenier-Loustalot, “Commercial Dental Composite: Determination of Reaction Advancement and Study of the Migration of Organic Compounds,” Polymers and Polymer Composites, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2005, pp. 223-234.
[10]	F. F. Silva, L. C. Mendes, M. Ferreira and M. R. Benzi, “Degree of Conversion versus the Depth of Polymerization of an Organically Modified Ceramic Dental Restoration Composite by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 104, No. 1, 2007, pp. 25-30. doi:10.1002/app.23248
[11]	R. Schwalm, “UV Coatings: Basic, Recent Developments and New Application,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007.
[12]	M. D. Goodner, H. R. Lee and C. N. Bowman, “Method for Determining the Kinetic Parameters in Diffusion-Controlled Free-Radical Homopolymerizations,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1997, pp. 1247-1252. doi:10.1021/ie9605387
[13]	D. Dendukuri, P. Panda, R. Haghgooie, J. M. Kim, T. A. Hatton and P. S. Doyle, “Modeling of Oxygen-Inhibited Free Radical Photopolymerization in a PDMS Microfluidic Device,” Macromolecules, Vol. 41, No. 22, 2008, pp. 8547-8556. doi:10.1021/ma801219w
[14]	A. K. O’Brien and C. N. Bowman, “Modeling the Effect of Oxygen on Photopolymerization Kinetics,” Macromolecular Theory and Simulations, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2006, pp. 176-182. doi:10.1002/mats.200500056
[15]	A. K. O’Brien and C. N. Bowman, “Impact of Oxygen on Photopolymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure,” Macromolecules, Vol. 39, No. 7, 2006, pp. 2501-2506. doi:10.1021/ma051863l