1. Introduction
The structure of this paper is organized by three parts. The first part describes the concept of big data and the main technology, and then the paper analyzes the companies’ problem in dealing with this era. In the third part, this paper gives its suggestions for the companies to improve their competition in this era. The main contribution of this paper is that it gives a relatively clear picture about the problems and methods of companies in the big data era. The main limitation of this paper is that it does not consider the condition of multinational enterprises and only focuses on the companies in China.
1.1. Big Data Concept
The broad definition of big data refers to the collection composed of a large amount of data with a complex structure and numerous types which is based on the data processing and application model as well as the resources and service capabilities through data sharing and cross forming. The concept of big data has different definitions in different fields. The research institutions believe that big data is an information asset, with strong production capabilities and application capabilities, rapid growth, and many types; while the IT industry believe that big data is capable of being quantitative, diversified, and fast; some companies have proposed specific definitions. They believe that big data is not limited to capacity. More importantly, a large number of data produced through various channels are applied to the new data theoretical analysis and processing. The data collection, storage, analysis and utilization provide an important basis for the government’s major decision-making and enterprise management which improves the effective implementation of the management model and increases the profit and income of the enterprise [1] . The following table is taken as an example. By comparing the status quo of the application of big data in several enterprises, the results are as Table 1.
As showed in Table 1, the intelligent manufacturing has enjoyed a fast development in the last three years. At the same time, the financial industry, E-commerce and public management also see a big growth in big data usage, which show a new era named big data.
1.2. Big Data Research Analysis
Although there is not a unified standard for the definition of big data at present, this does not affect our in-depth research on big data. Nowadays, in order to enable big data to better integrate into our lives to make the most of its value, large enterprises at home and abroad and the IT industry attach great importance to the research and application of big data. Currently, big data has generated greater value in the Internet, finance, transportation, communications, enterprise development, and biomedical industries. However, China’s research on big data is still at its beginning and lags behind foreign countries. Next, we will analyze the investment structure of China’s big data IT application industry, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
In May 2012, an academic discussion was held in Fragrance Hill on the topic of “Big Data Science Project―an Emerging Cross-discipline”. The majority of
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Table 1. Industry proportion change (data from China national bureau of statistics).
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Figure 1. Big data IT application industry investment structure (data from China national bureau of statistics).
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Figure 2. Investment structure of big data application in China’s financial industry (data from China national bureau of statistics).
domestic outstanding research scholars conducted preliminary analysis and research on big data. In June of the same year, the China Computer Society Youth Computer Science and Technology Forum held an academic study on the theme of “Big Data Age, Inspires the Future” and conducted a in-depth exploration and discussion on the preliminary research of big data, mainly focusing on technology mining, security, and platform technology development and theoretical applications [2] . By analyzing, extracting, and integrating data, a fast, convenient and efficient big data sharing platform was constructed. Through the understanding of the specific needs of users for scientific planning and rectification, there will be more comfortable and convenient experience in use. The current source of users’ access to big data is mainly through search engine. Search engines in China mainly include Baidu, China Search, Google, Netease, Sohu, Sogou, Yahoo, Sina, etc., and users purposefully choose the right one based on unique features of different search engines, make the best of vitality of the data, ensure the smooth flow of data, and demonstrate the maximum use value of the data itself, as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3. Market share of search engine in China in 2007 (data from China national bureau of statistics).
2. The Practical Problems Faced by Corporate Management in the Era of Big Data
2.1. Insufficient Enterprise Intelligent Management
2.2. Corporate Managers Pay Insufficient Attention to the Value of Big Data in Business
At present, big data is developing rapidly in the era of high-tech development, but people’s understanding of large data is not comprehensive enough to integrate well big data into enterprise management marketing. Big data has not been completely universalized. Many enterprise managers still focus their business management on the traditional marketing model. When the emergence of big data collides with the traditional management marketing model, the traditional enterprise marketing model suffers from great pressure. Because of the lack of thorough understanding of big data and the neglect of value of big data in business, managers blindly deny the importance of large data, and still put the traditional marketing management model in the first place. Superficially, enterprises have acquired large amounts of data and used big data in the management mode of enterprises. But in fact, the enterprise managers do not fully grasp the significance of big data, only apply some macro data to management and ignore the micro data which will reduce the possibility to discover the enterprise problem, and cause the disadvantages for enterprise to carry out the marketing activities with the incomplete problem solving.
2.3. The Great Lack of Professional Talents
In the fast-developing high-teach era, big data technology has developed rapidly. All industries need professional talents to improve technology informatization, marketing, and enterprise management. In the era of big data, all kinds of data converge to form a more reasonable and professional technical means. The data management and analysis is not the primary task of information, but the power of the team [3] . In the adjustment process of big data resources, it is necessary to integrate the ability of understanding information technology, controlling the information exchange law, analyzing and processing data. Take the essence and go to the dregs to create a new idea of data analysis, for which, a large number of high-tech personnel is needed to suggest professional solutions for marketing, enterprise operation and management. However, most of the enterprises have not discovered such practical problems which require corporate managers to have the correct values, to view the issues comprehensively, and to fundamentally deal with the shortage of professional talents.
3. How Should the Enterprise Management Model Adapt to the Era of Big Data?
3.1. Marketing Precision
For the steel industry, the shift from database to business intelligence is to give new features and meanings to big data. Through the integration of data analysis, the extraction of valuable information, and effective data processing, the data can be finally applied to the intelligent business system, which can provide important basis for the enterprise to carry out specific transactions, and bring great benefits to the enterprise marketing management, as shown in Figure 4.
Through systematization and precision of enterprise cost management, it will strengthen the cost control of the company’s production environment, reduce cost consumption and production losses, improve product quality and assessment standards, strengthen staff capabilities, and enhance financial system management [4] . Through analysis and research on the multi-system management, it is possible to accurately discover problems and quickly create the best solution, as shown in Figure 5.
Formula:
・ Consumer surplus = the amount of money to be paid − the amount of money actually paid.
・ The amount of money willing to pay = unit price willing to pay × number of purchases.
・ The amount of money actually paid = the actual unit price paid × purchase quantity.
・ Consumer surplus acquisition rate = consumer surplus obtained by the enterprise/total consumer surplus.
・ Any price between P-P’s is the unit price willing to pay, P is the actual unit price paid by the consumer, which is the firm’s pricing; Q is the purchase quantity, and D is the demand curve. The area of the pentagonal is the amount consumers tend to pay.
3.2. Transform the Traditional Marketing Strategy
Different consumers have different consumption purposes with various consumer
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Figure 4. From database to business intelligence.
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Figure 5. Production cost calculation model for iron and steel enterprises.
3.2.1. Change Immobilization of Price
The pricing method of the product is gradually changed from the production cost based pricing method to customer based pricing method by collecting specific consumption data collected through big data technology for effective analysis and research, fully understanding the consumer acceptance of product prices, and estimating the ideal price for the consumers.
3.2.2. Increase Consumption Channels
With the progress of the times, the development of science and technology, and the rapid development of Internet technology, the online sales model has gradually come into being, and payment via WeChat, Alipay and so on has brought convenience to consumers [6] . In addition to the traditional B2B, B2C, and C2C models in recent years, O2O refers to the process to promote the offline consumption through online selling, purchasing or booking; to provide consumers with accurate information related to catering, fitness, entertainment through discount, service reservations, information supplying. At present, this business model has been integrated into life and has become an indispensable part. The following figure shows the comparison of online and offline sales of a certain product.
According to Table 2, it can be effectively seen that with the passage of time and the development of Internet technology, the proportion of online sales has gradually increased, so we should continue to pay more attention to increasing consumption channels and make commercial reform and innovation of enterprise marketing.
3.2.3. Cross-Selling of Products
Through a detailed analysis of consumer spending, it is found that when consumers purchase a product, they choose similar products or different products at the same time. For example, L’OREAL, the world’s largest cosmetics company, analyzed the purchasing behavior of consumers and found that most female customers would buy the same series of isolation, BB and moisturizing products after buying sunscreen. In this way, bundle sales are used to improve the sales. It is the application of big data technology that helps L’OREAL make more marketing profit.
3.2.4. Strengthen the Intelligent Marketing Model
The development of an enterprise depends on whether the management mode of the enterprise can keep pace with the progress of the times and whether the management mode is intelligent. Yonghong Data Mart is software for data storage and data processing developed based on its own technology. It provides two solutions for customers, a local mode and a MPP mode; based on the different data magnitude that customer needs to deal with, the different architecture of the IT system and the different storage systems. When the amount of data to be processed is below the terabyte level, users are advised to select the local mode. When faced with a heterogeneous database storage system, and when the amount of data to be processed is above the TB level and the PB level, the parallel processing mode of the distributed architecture is more suitable. In the era of big data, facing a series of intelligent issues, companies must establish a sound
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Table 2. Company profit change (data from china national bureau of statistics).
information foundation, fully implement intelligent office, and create a more secure security system, so that accurate data analysis and processing can be achieved. With the construction of technical talents and introduction of high-tech personnel, the company is able to improve the level of knowledge management of staff, and achieve all-round intelligent management so that the traditional management model of enterprises can be gradually transformed into the innovation model.
3.2.5. Improve the Quality of Management Team
In order to improve the overall quality of the management team, enterprises must improve their professional qualities, test personal qualities in all aspects, and constantly improve their own deficiencies. Through organizing some activities, they can recognize their own deficiencies in the competition and make improvement. Companies can use rewards and penalties to increase the enthusiasm of their staff and stimulate their own creativity. Only by continuously improving the personal professionalism can the cooperation among the team members be better. Do a good job of management at each stage and improve the overall quality of the team [7] .
3.2.6. Establish an Employee Relationship Network
In the traditional management model, the employees’ specific ideas are not fully understood. Because the staff has little social contact with the network, employees have little interaction with each other. If an enterprise wants to continue its development, it should establish a perfect relationship network within the enterprise. Enterprises should take this social network as the management focus. Only in this way can they effectively innovate the management model and achieve a substantial increase in corporate profits.
4. Conclusions
Under the current social situation, science and technology continue to make progress, and the era of Internet data has developed rapidly. The arrival of the era of big data has brought about tremendous changes in everyone’s lives, and has virtually integrated into our lives and businesses. Big data plays a major role in the future development of the enterprise. It is crucial to face up to the opportunities and challenges that big data brings to the enterprise. Through in-depth analysis and research of data, its potential value can be dug deep. Through the analysis of consumer psychology, the company can grasp the rules of market development. According to the different market development, enterprises can formulate a series of targeted marketing mix strategies. Through the innovation of institutional management mode, it is convenient for enterprises to make marketing strategies and carry out innovative management and marketing activities. Through in-depth analysis and research of data-based theory and technology, it provides enterprises with powerful data support. Strengthen the relationship network of data, and connect the enterprise and various industries together through big data, which is beneficial to improve the enterprise management system, and make the emerging industry become an important new economic growth point in China to promote the innovation and transformation of traditional industry and industrial innovation.
At present, it is critical for both government and companies to establish and improve the national and company’s big data resource pool. The government should seize this opportunity to fully tap the huge value of the hidden potential of big data, promote the benign development and transformation and upgrading of traditional enterprises, optimize the allocation of resources, and make enterprises develop quickly for the development of the national economy. The company also needs to fully use resources of the government and pay more attention to the usage and technology of big data, which would keep them a good competition advantage in the future.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.