Preservation Artifacts and Loss Pattern of Arsenic: A Case Study from Highly Contaminated Location in Central-East India
Piyush Kant Pandey, Hansa Zankyani, Madhurima Pandey
.
DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.29139   PDF    HTML     5,319 Downloads   8,986 Views   Citations

Abstract

Arsenic is the focus of public attention because of its wider prevalence and toxicity. Proper sampling is important in characterizing toxic water contaminants in the groundwater. The present paper studies aspects of sampling, preservation artifacts, analytical issues etc. in a natural arsenic contaminated groundwater. The samples were collected from arsenic contaminated groundwater at three locations of village Kaudikasa in Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh). The standard method of sampling and preservation of arsenic was examined. The permitted sample holding time in this state is 180 days which has been found to be unrealistic on examination. The communication also compares the loss pattern of arsenic in unpreserved samples with samples preserved and kept at 4?C. It was found that about As losses during hold- ing after preservation were about 0% in one day, 35% in seven day, 70% in fifteen day, and 65% in thirty days time. Hence, the present recommended method of preservation leads to huge under reporting of As in natural samples. If the pattern of losses observed at the present location exists at other locations then the actual As levels could be much higher than the reported ones.

Share and Cite:

P. Pandey, H. Zankyani and M. Pandey, "Preservation Artifacts and Loss Pattern of Arsenic: A Case Study from Highly Contaminated Location in Central-East India," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 9, 2011, pp. 1211-1217. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.29139.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] A. Vahidnia, G. B. Van der Voet and F. A. De Wolff, “Arsenic Neurotoxicity—A Review,” Human and Experimental Toxicology, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2007, pp. 823- 832. doi:10.1177/0960327107084539
[2] B. K. Mandal and K. T. Suzuki, “Arsenic Round the World: A Review,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 201-235. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00268-0
[3] J. D. Hamadani, S. M. G. Mcgregor, F. Tofail, B. Ner- mell and B. Fangstrom Elfo’l, “Pre and Postnatal Arsenic Exposure and Child Developments at 18 Months of Age: A Cohort Study in Rural Bangladesh,” International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1206-1216.
[4] Y. Chen, J. H. Graziano, F. Parvez, M. Liu, V. Slavko- vich and T. Kalra, “Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in Bangladesh: Prospective Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 362, 2011, p. d2431. doi:10.1136/bmj.d2431
[5] Y. Yuan, G. Marshall, C. Ferreccio, C. Steinmaus, S. Selvin and J. Liaw, “Kidney Cancer Mortality: Fifty-Year Latency Patterns Related to Arsenic Exposure,” Epidemiology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2010, pp. 103-108. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c21e46
[6] J. A. Plant, D. G. Kinniburgh, P. L. Smedley, F. M. For- dyce and B. A. Klinck, “Arsenic and Selenium,” Environmental Geochemistry, Vol. 33, 2005.
[7] A. J. Bednar, J. R. Garbarino, M. R. Burkhardt, J. F. Ranville and T. R. Wildeman, “Field and Laboratory Arsenic Speciation Methods and Their Application to Natural Water Analysis,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2004, pp. 355-364. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.034
[8] USEPA, IRIS, CASRN 7440-38-2, accessed in June 2006.
[9] D. J. Thomas, M. Styblo and S. Lin, “The Cellular Metabolism and Systemic Toxicity of Arsenic,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 176, No. 2, 2001, pp. 127-144. doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9258
[10] M. F. Hughes, “Arsenic Toxicity and Potential Mecha- nisms of Action,” Toxicology Letters, Vol. 133, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-16. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00084-X
[11] H. V. Aposhian, R. A. Zakharyan, M. D. Avram, M. J. Kopplin and M. L. Wollenberg, “Oxidation and Detoxification of Trivalent Arsenic Species,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 193, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00324-7
[12] D. Das, G. Samanta, B. K. Mandal, T. Roy Chowdhury, C. R. Chanda, P. P. Chowdhury, G. K. Basu and D. Cha- kraborti, “Arsenic in Groundwater in Six Districts of West Bengal, India,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1996, pp. 5-15. doi:10.1007/BF01757214
[13] B. K. Mandal, T. R. Chowdhury, G. Samanta, G. K. Basu, P. P. Chowdhury, C. R. Chanda, D. Lodh, N. K. Karan, R. K. Dhar, D. K. Tamili, D. Das, K. C. Saha and D. Chakraborti, “Arsenic in Groundwater in Seven Districts of West Bengal, India—The Biggest Arsenic Calamity in the World,” Current Science, Vol. 70, 1996, pp. 976-986.
[14] S. Mallick and N. R. Rajagopal, “Groundwater Development in the Arsenic Affected Alluvial Belt of West Bengal—Some Questions,” Current Science, Vol. 70, No. 11, 1996, pp. 956-958.
[15] R. T. Nickson, J. M. McArthur and P Ravenscroft, “Mechanism of Arsenic Release to Groundwater, Bang- ladesh and West Bengal,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2000, pp. 403-413. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00086-4
[16] Anonym, Main Report, Govt. of Bangladesh, British Geological Survey and Mott Macdonald, UK, 1999.
[17] L. Wang and J. Huang, “Arsenic in the Environment, Part II,” In: J. O. Nriagu, Ed., Human Health and Ecosystem Effects, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994, pp. 159-172.
[18] P. L. Smedley, W. M. Edmunds and K. B. Pelig-ba, In: J. D. Applaton, R. Fuge and G. J. H. McCall, Eds., Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ, 2000, Vol. 113, pp. 163-182.
[19] A. H. Welch, D. B. Westjohn, D. R. Helsel and R. B. Wanty, “Arsenic in Groundwater of the United States- Occurrence and Geochemistry,” Ground Water, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2000, pp. 589-604. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x
[20] D. Chakraborti, B. K. Biswas, T. R. Chowdhury, G. K. Basu, B. K. Mandal, U. K. Chowdhury, S. C. Mukherjee, J. P. Gupta, S. R. Chowdhry and K. C. Rathore, “Arsenic Groundwater Contamination and Sufferings of People in Rajnandgaon Districts, Madhya Pradesh, India,” Current science, Vol. 77, No. 4, 1999, pp. 502-504.
[21] P. K. Pandey, R. N. Khare, R. Sharma, S. K. Sar, M. Pandey and P. Binayake, “Arsenicosis and Deteriorating Ground Water Quality; Unfolding Crisis in Central East Indian Region,” Current Science, Vol. 77, 1999, pp. 686- 693.
[22] Anonym, News, Geological Survey of India, Vol. 18, 2001, pp. 21-22.
[23] S. K. Acharyya, I. D. Ashyiya, Y. Pandey, S. Lahiri, V. W. Khangan and S. K. Sarkar, in National Symposium on Role of Earth Sciences in Integrated Development and Related Societal Issues, Geological Survey of India, Vol. 65, 2001, pp. 7-18.
[24] B. Daus, J. Mattusch, R. Wennrich and H. Weiss, “Investigation on Stability and Preservation of Arsenic Species in Iron-Rich Water Samples,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 57-65. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00256-4
[25] P. K. Pandey, S. Yadav, S. Nair and M. Pandey, “Samp- ling and Preservation Artifacts in Arsenic Analysis: Implications for Public Health Issues in Developing Countries,” Current Science, Vol. 86, 2004, pp. 1426- 1432.
[26] A. J. Bednar, J. R. Garbarino, J. F. Ranville and T. R. Wildeman, “Preserving the Distribution of Inorganic Arsenic Species in Groundwater and Acid Mine Drainage Samples,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 36, 2002, pp. 2213-2218. doi:10.1021/es0157651
[27] World Health Organisation (WHO), “Fact Sheet No 210,” Geneva, 1999.
[28] Y. T. Kim, H. Yoon, C. Yoon and N. C. Woo, “An Assessment of Sampling, Preservation, and Analytical Procedures for Arsenic Speciation in Potentially Contaminated Waters,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2007, pp. 337-346.
[29] H. A. L. Rowland, A. G. Gault, J. M. Charnock and D. A. Polya, “Preservation and XANES Determination of the Oxidation State of Solid-Phase Arsenic in Shallow Sedimentary Aquifers in Bengal and Cambodia,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 69, No. 5, 2005, pp. 825-839. doi:10.1180/0026461056950291
[30] R. W. Puls and J. B. Michael, “Low-Flow (Minimal Drawdown) Ground-Water Sampling Procedures,” EPA Groundwater Issue, US EPA, Vol. 540, S-95, 1996, p. 504.
[31] APHA, “Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 1992.
[32] APHA, “Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 1995.
[33] US EPA, “Rules and Regulations,” US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register 49, No. 209, USA, 1984.
[34] WDNR, “Groundwater Sampling Field Manual,” Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PUBL-DG-038 96, WDNR, USA, 1996.
[35] D. A. Clifford and G. Samanta, “Preservation of Arsenic Species,” AWWARF Report 91117F, 2007, 148 Pages.
[36] EPA, “The Handbook for SAMPLING and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater,” EPA Number- 600482029, 1982.
[37] T. A. Hinners, “Arsenic Speciation: Limitations with Direct Hydride Analysis,” Analyst, Vol. 105, 1980, pp. 751-755. doi:10.1039/an9800500751
[38] P. K. Pandey, H. Zankyani, R. Deshmukh and M. Pandey, “Arsenic Contamination in Central-East India: New Lessons for the Environmental Health,” International Journal of Environmental Studies, in Press, 2012.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.