Soil Structure Interaction Effects on Pushover Analysis of Short Span RC Bridges ()
1. Introduction
The modeling and seismic analysis of bridge structures have been a major evolution over recent decades linked directly to the rapid development of digital computing. Both static and dynamic analysis of bridge systems experienced major breakthroughs when finite-element techniques were developed. In past, elastic analysis procedures used for bridge structural assessment which is not sufficient for inelastic action occurred. Nonlinear dynamic analysis become essential for bridges structural assessment however, it’s costly consuming. For that, nonlinear static analysis (pushover) becomes preferable inelastic seismic behavior tool in structural evaluation of bridges because of its low costs and time consuming.
In many of previous studies on bridges that included SSI as well as inelasticity in bridge pier resulted in conflicting opinion on the role of structural inelasticity on seismic demand.
In conventional bridges analysis, their bases are considered fixed bases; very limited investigations have focused on identifying SSI in bridges supporting on shallow foundation. Flexibility levels of the supporting soil will be depended on the soil types and soil parameters from medium to soft soils. This decreases the overall stiffness of the bridge resulting in a subsequent increase in the natural periods of the system and the overall response is altered. The soil structure interaction will have significant effect on the overall capacity curve of bridge under pushover analysis, which is reflected on the failure mode of superstructure of bridge, [4] , [5] , and [6] .
In previous study, [5] showed that effect of SSI in bridges was more strongly influenced by the nonlinear structural properties of bridge sub-structure components than by soil properties. However, this advance in computational capabilities of soil structure interaction effects on the static nonlinear analysis (pushover analysis) has been fully reflected in improved seismic design of new, or vulnerability assessment and retrofit of existing bridge structures. analysis tools currently available aid the process of designing new or retrofitting existing bridge structures subjected to earthquake taking inconsideration SSI on pushover analysis of bridge’s piers to enhance the capacity curve of piers which reflects on the structural assessment and strengthening of existing bridges.
The study focused on simple finite element modeling of multi-spans of short span RC bridge without curve or skew in plan or elevation as it is shown in the following parts. SAP2000 is the finite element that is used in simulation of nonlinear super structure and soil structure interaction by linear springs. Soil springs stiffness properties are not degradation with pushover load curve; as linear simulation of shallow foundation system of bridge footing. Bridge deck for this types of existing bridges in study case area is defined as no seismic forces in the Gulf zone; for that base isolation between bridge deck and its pier is missing and neglected in simulation.
The paper focus to present simple representation of a soil-bridge pier system, yet one able to capture the effects of the most significant physical parameters. It has been found that SSI greatly affects the dynamic behavior of bridge piers leading to more flexible systems, decrease damping and larger total bridge pier displacements. Besides a thorough investigation of the relative significance of various physical parameters of the system response, an easy-to-use approach that can be incorporated for a preliminary design of bridges and helpful for structural assessment, strengthening and/or rehabilitation of existing short span RC bridges.
2. RC Bridge Geometry
The paper has select one of the famous and repeated bridge module in Middle zone of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using in the main road intersection, on of this bridge that used as study case Al-Fahs Bridge located in North-East of Riyadh, KSA. The bridge is a continuous, two-span, cast-in-place concrete girder structure. The two intermediate bents consist of three columns with a cross beam on top as shown in Figure 1. The geometry of the bridge, section properties and foundation properties are defined in the Table 1 based on the General Authority for Roads and Bridges, KSA (owner of existing bridge). It is can confirmed (without any doubt), the safety of original structural design of main structural bridge elements is sufficient to sustain the loads and displacement demands.
The bridge consists of multi-spans continuous deck supported by a row of isolation bearings as shown in Figure 1. The substructure of bridge consists of
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Figure 1. Al-Fahs bridge side view and lower deck view, respectively, (Riyadh, KSA).
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Table 1. Properties of the bridge deck and piers of Al-Fahs bridge, KSA.
rigid abutments and reinforced concrete piers. The isolation bearings are provided instead of conventional bearings between superstructure and substructure at abutment and pier locations. This system is idealized in the accurate finite element mode using professional seismic isolation computer code and nonlinear static analysis using SAP2000 [7] , while the other was developed on a very commercial computer program.
Mathematical model of transversal section of bridge model presents in Figure 2; the main beam girder supporting on three circular reinforcements concrete pier columns the effective column height He. As presented in Figure 2, the soil structure is modeled by six linear springs for different six degrees of freedom; three for movement and the others three for rotations of plastic hinges.
The 3D finite element of Al-Fahs Bridge presented in Figure 3 the two abutments in bridge beginning points defined with pure hinge support to comply with the real situation where there is laminates of lead rubber bearing. The dynamic characteristic’s was verified with the original design in the General Authority for Roads and Bridges, KSA to confirm the accuracy of 3D finite elements modeling without soil structure interaction as per old design values and parameters, as shown in Table 1.
3. Modeling of Soil Structure Interaction, SSI
The soil surrounding the foundation of the pier is modeled by springs which has frequency independent stiffness in space. The complete dynamic analysis is carried out in the time domain using Newmark β-method [8] .
In order to measure the effect of SSI on the push over analysis of existing Piers Bridge, base shear force and top displacement are compared with the response of the corresponding bridge ignoring SSI effects. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the effects of soil flexibility of soft soil, medium soil properties and hard soil report as base line of comparisons.
Consider the typical two-span continuous deck bridge shown in Figure 3; the substructure of the bridge consists of rigid abutments and reinforced concrete
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Figure 2. Mathematical model of Al-Fahs Bridge, Riyadh, KSA.
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Figure 3. 3D Finite element model of Al-Fahs Bridge, created by SAP2000, [5] .
piers. The structure is assumed to consist of a series of line column-beam elements. The following assumptions are made for pushover analysis of existing bridges taking soil-structure interaction effect into consideration:
1) The soil supporting the foundation of the pier is modeled as springs acting in the vertical, horizontal, and rotational directions.
2) The foundation is represented using rigid elements connected to the soil springs that has frequency-independent coefficients.
The above assumptions lead to the mathematical model of the bridge system shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. It should be mentioned that; the size of the foundation was kept unchanged and the corresponding spring stiffness was calculated based on such assumption. This assumption (though unrealistic) was used earlier in different studies, [9] and [10] . In the present study, this assumption was released and the size of the footings was calculated based on the bearing capacity of each soil and the corresponding spring stiffness was calculated. Such assumption is more realistic and has been used by [11] and [12] .
4. Soil Idealization
The main parameter to classify the clay soil properties are mentioned in Table 2, [11] and [12] . The soil supporting the foundation of the pier is modeled as springs acting in the vertical, horizontal, and rotational directions. With three springs for movement; two in global horizontal directions and the third in the vertical direction, accompanied with rotational springs about the same three perpendicular axes have been attached below the footings of the bridge. Hence, springs in all six degrees of freedom have been attached to the foundation of piers. For better understanding, such idealization is presented schematically in Figure 2. The foundation is represented using rigid elements connected to the soil springs that has frequency-independent coefficients.
Comprehensive research has been carried out to evaluate the stiffness of such springs. Closed form expressions for stiffness of equivalent soil springs as depicted in Table 2 of the present study has been suggested by [9] . These expressions have been adopted in the present investigation and the resulting values are tabulated in Table 3. Values of shear modulus (G) for different types of soils
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Table 2. Soil parameters considered [11] [12] .
where: N (SPT test), C (cohesion value), φ (Angle of soil internal friction), γsat (Soil density), Cc (compression index of soil) and e0 (initial void ratio of soil).
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Table 3. Closed form expressions for stiffness of equivalent soil spring [11] [12] .
Ab area of the foundation; B and L, half-width and half-length of a rectangular foundation, respectively; Ibx, Iby, and Ibz, moment of inertia of the foundation area with respect to longitudinal, lateral and vertical axes, respectively [9] .
have been evaluated using the empirical relationship G = 120 N 0.8 t/ft2 i.e. G = 12,916,692.48 N 0.8 MPa [11] and [12] . Here, N is the number of blows to be applied in standard penetration test (SPT) of the soil and Poisson’s ratio (ν) of soil has been assumed to be equal to 0.5 for all types of soils to evaluate the stiffness of the equivalent soil springs [11] . As can be seen from Table 4, there is a significant difference in spring stiffness values due to change in footing size. This is not only expected, but also will affect the results of the study when taking SSI effect into consideration.
Finite element method was adopted to formulate the mass and stiffness matrices for the bridge model. Responses due to real ground motions were obtained using Newmark step by step direct integration method.
5. SSI Effects on Pushover Analysis of Bridge Pier
A numerical study is conducted to evaluate the effect of SSI on the pushover results of bridge with different soil types; It is obviously, that elastic analysis procedures used in the past for structural assessment of short span bridge behavior are insufficient and inadequate due to the inability to define the modification of bridge response during inelastic action, which is reflecting on the displacement capacity curve of bridge. However, real seismic analysis is still as the most accurate method to predict structure seismic characteristic; the Pushover analysis is as nonlinear static analysis techniques, which can be used to determine the dynamic characteristics and peak ground footing base shear corresponding to top pier displacement that called displacement curve of structures, to estimate available plastic rotational capacities to ensure satisfactory seismic performance. Estimation of plastic hinge creation will be helpful for structural assessment and expectation of real and more applicable failures modes of bridge. In additional to the above varieties of results and seismic data can be getting more easier than time history analysis that need more time and effort in simulation and modeling compared to pushover analysis that has accepted level of accuracy as it was verified in [11] [12] [13] .
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Table 4. Stiffness values of different types of soil for different footing dimensions.
The damping of the bridges is taken as 5% of the critical in all modes of the vibration. The soil surrounding the pier is considered as hard, medium, and soft soil, respectively. The properties of these soils were given in Table 4. Based on that, the Pushover analysis with soil structure interaction will be more helpful to demonstrate the structure behave by identifying modes of failure and the potential of progressive collapse.
The pushover loading was not the simple lateral force but related to structure mode shapes. The equivalent lateral seismic load was proportional to a specified mode shape, its angular frequency and the mass tributary to a node where the force is applied. It can be calculated as in Equation (1) [7] :
(1)
where: i is (number of node), and j is (number of mode).
Fij is the force at node (i) in the (j) mode of vibration;
dij is The displacement of node (i) in the (j) vibration mode at the angular circular frequency of ωj; mi is the mass tributary to the node (i).
SAP2000 generates the equivalent static loads at each time step of pushover analysis corresponding to structures modes are defined, the pushover procedure is cleared in manual of software tutorial as explained in details and verification in [7] . The controlling displacement at the monitored point was prescribed larger than the estimated possible ultimate displacement. The structure was pushed until its ultimate capacity was reached and a global failure formed. In longitudinal direction of bridge study case, the pushover deflection and creative plastic hinges is presented in Figure 4 at weak stiffness points between footing and pier.
During the numerical analysis procedure of pushover analysis, Seismic demands are estimated by lateral loads that monotonically increase at each time step. The load modes remain the same, until a prescribed displacement is rea- ched or the structure collapses which one achieved firstly in analysis. The equivalent
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Figure 4. Creation of plastic hinges of pushover analysis in longitudinal direction of Al-Fahs Bridge; (study case).
seismic loads can be forces as well as displacements, and the associated control methods are force and displacement control methods. There are main two disadvantages points of the force control method compared to displacement control method; the first disadvantage point in force control method is the difficulty to refine the force vector increment at each step of the increment analysis after inelasticity develops in the structure. The Second disadvantage point, possibility of reaching to the maximum lateral force and stop the analysis iteration prior to developing the ultimate displacement, [14] and [15] .
For that, the displacement control method is more suitable and is adopted in this research. SAP2000 is a nonlinear finite element program software analysis tools, that was used to monitor a target displacement is prescribed at a monitored point, which is usually the mass center of a bridge.
After the pushover analysis has been performed, a static pushover curve and a capacity spectrum of the structure could be generated for each load case. The pushover curve was in the form of the displacement at the monitored point verses the base shear, which is the total force reaction on all the supports in each global direction.
A Capacity Spectrum curve in longitudinal direction is shown in Figure 5; printed from finite element model program output (print screen). On the spectrum area, capacity spectrum and demand spectrum were plotted in the spectral acceleration versus spectral displacement coordinates. The blue line is the single demand spectra with variable damping, and the red lines are demand spectra with different damping ratios. Capacity curves of study case bridge in both direction longitudinal and transversal direction respectively is shown in Figure 6. The capacity spectrum curve presents the relation between the top displacements of bridge pier compared to the maximum base shear force corresponding to peak pier displacement with hard soil effects with fixed damping coefficient.
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Figure 5. Displacement capacity spectrum in longitudinal direction of Al-Fahs bridge; (study case).
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Figure 6. Capacity spectrum curve of the pushover analysis for Al-Fahs Bridge on hard
Capacity spectrum curve of a static Pushover curve and capacity spectrum of the pier bridge presents in Figure 6; maximum displacement at mentioned point verses to the base shear; which is the total accumulative base shear reaction of all piers in each global direction. In longitudinal direction of study case bridge the maximum base shear value is larger its corresponding base shear in transversal direction of bridge by average percentage 5% - 7% due to the difference of equivalent total pier stiffness in both direction which is proportional directly with bridge stiffness. The small difference percentage of total base shear of study case can be explained by circular cross section of pier that has the same stiffness in both direction, but the total equivalent stiffness effected by parallel and series connection of piers.
In this study pushover analysis done under three soil structures interaction circumstances; the first one was the datum of comparison which is as per original design that was neglect SSI and called as Hard Soil as shown in Figure 6 the capacity spectrum curve of the pushover analysis for study case (Al-Fahs Bridge), the others two cases of push over analysis will take into consideration one is simulate the SSI as Medium soil, and the second considered it as soft soil with soil properties as mentioned in Table 3 taking the footing size due to the soil bearing capacity of different soil.
Figure 7 and Figure 8 present the pushover curves of two different soil structure interaction effects are compared to the original design that was ignored SSI effects completely. The soil stiffness parameters of medium and soft soil is defined in finite element modeling as it was defined in Table 4 taking into consideration soil bearing capacity that is reflected on the bridge pier footing dimension; which has direct effect on the overall soil simulation stiffness values to more realistic assumption and accurate simulation to get fair comparison and results analysis; The damping of the bridges is taken as 5% of the critical in all modes of the analysis.
It is obvious due to different flexibility levels of the bridge piers, the compari-
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Figure 7. Capacity spectrum curves of Al-Fahs Bridge on different soil types, in longitudinal direction.
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Figure 8. Capacity spectrum curves of Al-Fahs Bridge on different soil types, in transversal direction.
son of the response of these types of soils will be useful in studying the effect of pier flexibility on the response of pushover bridge analysis. The soil surrounding the pier is considered as hard, medium, and soft soil, respectively.
Figure 7 and Figure 8 present the capacity spectrum curves of Al-Fahs Bridge (study case); in the longitudinal and transversal direction respectively. the footing stiffness is increasing due to soil types parameters from soft, medium, and hard soils with higher stiffness values, that reflect directly on the overall stiffness of whole structure that was increased from 25% to 45% for bridge stiffness, and the ultimate displacement was increased by 7% to 20% for 5.25 inches to 6.11 inches for medium and soft soil, respectively. On other side, the total base shear has significant decreased for soft soil by percentage 15% compared to hard soil at the corresponding step of the same displacement; in the longitudinal direction, as shown in Figure 7.
In the bridge transversal direction the pushover displacement capacity curve has the same behaviour with lesser percentage of base shear decreasing and displacement increasing compared to the longitudinal direction of bridge, which is can be explained by the stiffness difference of bridge in both directions, as presented in Figure 8. This also can explains structure rezones of soft foundations produced larger displacement the stiffness in both directions under pushover loadings with smaller base shear values compared to more medium and hard soils types.
6. Conclusions
This paper succeeds to present numerical analysis of Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) effects on the pushover analysis of short span reinforced concrete bridge pier of multi-spans without curve or skew in plan or elevation. The results from this study indicate the finite element modeling strategies of SSI modeling for three different cases, one is hard soil as datum of comparison with others two soils cases medium, and soft soils; to be more realistic of SSI modeling. In this study the footing size was taken into consideration due to the soil bearing capacity changes as important parameters during calculating SSI equivalent stiffness as it is presented in Table 4.
The paper succeeds to investigate the SSI effects of nonlinear pushover analysis of short spans RC bridges to evaluate the effects and sensitivity of global performance on dynamic characteristics and displacement capacity curve of study case bridge (Al-Fahs bridge); which is short span RC bridge existing in Riyadh, KSA, simulated SSI effects on the pushover analysis as nonlinear static analysis techniques to present the displacement and base shear capacity of study case for three different soils cases, hard (baseline), Medium, and soft soil.
The numerical finite element analysis and its results succeed to present simple representation of a soil-bridge pier system, yet one able to capture the effects of the most significant physical parameters. It has been found that SSI greatly affects the dynamic behavior of bridge piers leading to more flexible systems, decrease damping and larger total bridge pier displacements. Besides a thorough investigation of the relative significance of various physical parameters of the system response, an easy-to-use approach that can be incorporated for a preliminary design of bridges and helpful for structural assessment, streng- thening and/or rehabilitation of existing short span RC bridges.
The main conclusion and technical explanation of the SSI effects can be summarized in the following points:
1) Both peak displacement and base shear are reduced due to the further flexibility introduced to the system when SSI is accounted for. Thus considerations of the SSI effects will result in substantial reduction in the construction cost and/ or strengthening and repairs of new or existing bridges.
2) The effects of SSI are more pronounced for stiff bridges in comparison to flexible bridges, where the overall stiffness of stiff bridge will be decreased with high percentage compared to the stiff one,
3) Bearing damping does not influence the effects of SSI. This is due to fact that the soil damping is more dominating the bridge response in comparison to bearing damping.