Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and VIP Receptors-Elucidation of Structure and Function for Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid polypeptide first isolated from swine duodenum. VIP is a neurotransmitter that is extensively distributed in tissues. According to published reports, VPAC1 and VPAC2 act as VIP receptors and are widely present in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. VIP exerts diverse actions on the cardiovascular system, pancreas, digestive tract, respiratory system, and urological system. Recent reports indicated that VIP has immunological and neuroprotective effects and also affects cell growth. While primary investigations for developing therapeutic applications for various pathological conditions and diseases are underway, the structure and function of VIP should be analyzed in more detail.

Share and Cite:

H. Igarashi, N. Fujimori, T. Ito, T. Nakamura, T. Oono, K. Nakamura, K. Suzuki, R. Jensen and R. Takayanagi, "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and VIP Receptors-Elucidation of Structure and Function for Therapeutic Applications," International Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 500-508. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2011.24084.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] S. I. Said and V. Mutt, “Polypeptide with Broad Biological Activity: Isolation from Small Intestine,” Science, Vol. 169, No. 951, 1970, pp. 1217-1218. doi:10.1126/science.169.3951.1217
[2] L. Dickson, K. Finlayson, VPAC and PAC Receptors, “From Ligands to Function,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 121, No. 3, 2009, pp. 294-316. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.006
[3] J. Fahrenkrug, “VIP and PACAP,” Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, Vol. 50, 2010, pp. 294-316. doi:10.1007/400_2009_24
[4] D. C. Fry, V. S. Madison, D. R. Bolin, et al., “Solution Structure of an Analogue of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide as Determined by Two-Dimensional NMR and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopies and constrained Molecular Dynamics,” Biochemistry, Vol. 28, No. 6, 1989, pp. 2399-2409. doi:10.1021/bi00432a010
[5] S. Domschke, W. Domschke, S. R. Bloom, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Man: Pharmacokinetics, Metabolic and Circulatory Effects,” Gut, Vol. 19, No. 11, 1978, pp. 1049-1053. doi:10.1136/gut.19.11.1049
[6] C. D. Ulrich II, M. Holtmann and L. J. Miller, “Secretin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors: Members of a Unique Family of G Protein Coupled Receptors,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 114, No. 2, 1998, pp. 382-397. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70491-3
[7] A. J. Harmar, A. Arimura, I. Gozes, et al., “International Union of Pharmacology. XVIII. Nomenclature of Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide,” Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 50, No. 2, 1998, pp. 265-270.
[8] S. P. Sreedharan, J. X. Huang, M. C. Cheung, et al., “Structure, Expression, and Chromosomal Localization of the Type I Human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor Gene,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 92, No. 7, 1995, pp. 2939-2943. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2939
[9] M. Svoboda, M. Tastenoy, J. V. Rampelbergh, et al., “Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Human VIP Receptor from SUP-T1 Lymphoblasts,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 205, No. 3, 1994, pp. 1617-1624. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2852
[10] T. Ishihara, R. Shigemoto, K. Mori, et al., “Functional Expression and Tissue Distribution of a Novel Receptor for Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide,” Neuron, 1992, 8, pp. 811-819. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90101-I
[11] E. M. Luts, W. J. Sheward, K. M. West, et al. “The VIP2 Receptor: Molecular Characterization of a cDNA Encoding a Novel Receptor for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide,” FEBS, Vol. 334, 1993, pp. 3-8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81668-P
[12] N. Inagaki, H. Yoshida, M. Mizuta, et al., “Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Third Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor Subtype Expressed in Insulin-Secreting Cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 91, No. 7, 1994, pp. 2679-2683. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679
[13] T. Ito, W. Hou, H. Katuno, et al., “Rat and Guinea Pig Pancreatic Acini Possess Both VIP1 and VIP2 Receptors, which Mediate Enzyme Secretion,” American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, Vol. 278, No. 1, 2000, pp. G64-G74.
[14] B. M. Bissonnette, M. J. Collen, H. Adachi, et al., “Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Secretin on Rat Pancreatic Acini,” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 246, No. 6, 1984, pp. G710-G717.
[15] G. J. Dockray, “Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Related Peptides,” In: J. H. Walsh and G. J. Dockray, Eds., Raven Press, New York, 1994, pp 447-472.
[16] J. C. Reubi, U. Laderach, B. Waser, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Receptor Subtypes in Human Tumors and Their Tissues of Origin,” Cancer Research, Vol. 60, No. 11, 2000, pp. 3105-3112.
[17] T. B. Usdin, T. I. Bonner and E. Mesey, “Two Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide with Similar Specificity and Complementary Distributions,” Endocrinology, Vol. 135, No. 6, 1994, pp. 2662-2680. doi:10.1210/en.135.6.2662
[18] H. Igarashi, T. Ito, W. Hou, et al., “Elucidation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Pharmacophore for VPAC1 Receptors in Human, Rat, and Guinea Pig,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 301, No. 1, 2002, pp. 37-50. doi:10.1124/jpet.301.1.37
[19] H. Igarashi, T. Ito, S. A. Mantey, et al., “Development of Simplified Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Analogs with Receptor Selectivity and Stability for Human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptors,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 315, No. 1, 2005, pp. 370-381. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.088823
[20] H. H. Leuchte, C. Baezner, R. A. Baumgartner, et al., “Inhalation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Pulmonary Hypertension,” European Respiratory Journal, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1289-1294. doi:10.1183/09031936.00050008
[21] M. S. Winzell and B. Ahren, “Role of VIP and PACAP in Islet Function,” Peptides, Vol. 28, No. 9, 2007, pp. 1805- 1813.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.024
[22] W. K. Samson, S. I. Said, J. W. Graham, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Concentrations in Median Eminence of Hypothalamus,” Lancet, Vol. 2, No. 8095, 1978, pp. 901-902. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.024
[23] D. Romano, K. Magalon, A. Ciampini, et al., “Differential Involvement of the Ras and Rap1 Small GTPases in Vasoactive Intestinal and Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase Activating Polypeptides Control of the Prolactin Gene,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 278, No. 51, 2003, pp. 51386-51394. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308372200
[24] B. Baranowska, M. Radzikowska, E. Wasilewska- Dziubinska, et al., “The Role of VIP and Somatostatin in the Control of GH and Prolactin Release in Anorexia Nervosa and in Obesity,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 921, 2000, pp. 443-455. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07013.x
[25] D. Pozo, M. Delgado, C. Martinez, et al., “Immunobiology of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP),” Immunology Today, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2000, pp. 7-11. doi:10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01525-X
[26] M. Delgado, E. J. Munoz-Elias, R. P. Gomariz, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Prevent Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Transcription in Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-Kappa B and IFN Regulatory Factor 1 Activation,” The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 162, No. 8, 1999, pp. 4685-4696.
[27] M. Delgado, C. Abad, C. Martinez, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Prevents Experimental Arthritis by Downregulating both Autoimmune and Inflammatory Components of the Disease,” Nature Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 5, 2001, pp. 563-568. doi:10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01525-X
[28] M. Delgado, C. Martinez, D. Pozo, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activation Polypeptide (PACAP) Protect Mice from Lethal Endotoxemia through the Inhibition of TNF-Alpha and IL-6,” The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 162, No. 2, 1999, pp. 1200-1205.
[29] C. Abad, C. Martinez, M. G. Juarranz, et al., “Therapeutic Effects of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Mice Model of Crohn’s Disease,” Gastroenterology, 2003, 124, pp. 961-971. doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50141
[30] M. Kojima, T. Ito, T. Oono, et al., “VIP Attenuation of the Severity of Experimental Pancreatitis Is Due to VPAC1 Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Cytokine Production,” Pancreas, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2005, pp. 62-70.
[31] Q. Luo, Y. Wang, D. Feng, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Attenuates Concanavalin A-Mediated Liver Injury,” European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 607, No. 1-3, 2009, pp. 226-233. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.02.012
[32] Misaka S., Aoki Y., Karaki S., et al., “Inhalable Powder Formulation of a Stabilized Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Derivative: Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Experimental Asthmatic Rats,” Peptides, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2010, pp. 72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.032
[33] T. Dickinson and S. M. Fleetwood-Walker, “VIP and PACAP: Very Important in Pain?” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 8, 1999, pp. 324-329. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01340-1
[34] L. Edvinsson and R. Uddman, “Neurobiology in Primary Headaches,” Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2005, pp. 438-456. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.007
[35] M. Delgado, N. Varela and E. Gonzalez-Rey, “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Protects Against Beta-Amyloid- Induced Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting Microglia Activation at Multiple Levels,” Glia, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2008, pp. 1091-1103. doi:10.1002/glia.20681
[36] Offen D., Sherki Y., Melamed E., et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Prevents Neurotoxicity in Neuronal Cultures: Relevance to Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease,” Brain Research, Vol. 854, No. 1-2, 2000, pp. 257-262. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02375-6
[37] M. Delgado and D. Ganea, “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Prevents Activated Microglia-Induced Neurodegeneration under Inflammatory Conditions: Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Trauma,” FASEB Journal, Vol. 17, No. 13, 2003, pp. 1922-1924.
[38] J. M. Muller, V. Lelievre, L. Becq-Giraudo, et al., “VIP as a Cell-Growth and Differentiation Neuromodulator Role in Neurodevelopment,” Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 10, No. 2-3, 1995, pp. 115-134. doi:10.1007/BF02740671
[39] A. B. Fernandez-Martinez, A. M. Bajo and A. Valdehita, “Multifunctional Role of VIP in Prostate Cancer Progression in a Xenograft Model: Suppression by Curcumin and COX-2 Inhibitor NS-398,” Peptide, Vol. 30, No. 12, 2009, pp. 2357-2364.
[40] T. Moody and I. Gozes, “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors: A Molecular Target in Breast and Lung Cancer,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, Vol. 13, No. 11, 2007, pp. 1099-1104. doi:10.2174/138161207780619000
[41] S. Jiang, E. Kopras, M. McMichael, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Stimulates in vitro Growth of VIP-1 Receptor-Bearing Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma-Derived Cells,” Cancer Research, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1997, pp. 1475-1480.
[42] K. Zhang, M. R. Aruva and N. Shanthly, “PET Imaging of VPAC1 Expression in Experimental and Spontaneous Prostate Cancer,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2008, pp. 112-121. doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.043703
[43] M. Calafat, L. Larocca, V. Roca, et al., “Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Inhibits TNF-Alpha-Induced Apoptotic Events in Acinar Cells from nonobese Diabetic Mice Submandibular Glands,” Arthritis Research Therapy, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2009, p. R53. doi:10.1186/ar2671
[44] A. Castorina, A. Tiralongo, S. Giunta, et al., “PACAP and VIP Prevent Apoptosis in Schwannoma Cells,” Brain Research, Vol. 1241, 2008, pp. 29-35. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.035
[45] A. Linden, L. Hansson, A. Andersson, et al., “Bronchodilation by an Inhaled VPAC2 Receptor Agonist in Patients with Stable Asthma,” Thorax, Vol. 58, No. 3, 2003, pp. 217-221. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.3.217
[46] A. Prasse, G. Zissel, N. Lutzen, et al., “Inhaled Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Exerts Immunoregulatory Effects in Sarcoidosis,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 182, No. 4, 2010, pp. 540- 548. doi:10.1164/rccm.200909-1451OC
[47] M. Delgado, D. Pozo and D. Ganea, “The Significance of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Immunomodulation,” Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 56, 2004, pp. 249-290. doi:10.1124/pr.56.2.7
[48] S. G. Smalley, P. A. Barrow and N. Foster, “Immunomodulation of Innate Immune Responses by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP): Its Therapeutic Potential in Inflammatory Disease,” Clinical & Experimental Immunology, Vol. 157, No. 2, 2009, pp. 225-234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03956.x

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.