Effect of Soya Lecithin on Solubilization and Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol by Anthracophyllum discolor

Abstract

The effect of soya lecithin (SL) on solubilization and biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Anthracophyllum discolor was evaluated. Besides, the PCP effect on critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SL and the effect of PCP and SL on the ligninolytic activity of A. discolor were evaluated. The PCP solubilization test was performed for 100, 200 and 400 mg·L-1 with SL solution varying concentrations of ranging from 0 to 0.9 g·L-1. The effect of PCP (5 to 20 mg·L-1) on CMC of SL by conductivity was evaluated. The effect of SL (0 to 0.9 g·L-1) on biodegradation of PCP (21.4 mg·L-1) in modified Kirk medium was studied. The results showed that SL addition enhanced PCP solubility in water. The solubilities of 100, 200 and 400 mg·L-1 of PCP were about 4.2, 5.0 and 2.5 times higher than their solubility in pure water when the system was added with 0.9 g·L-1 of SL. We found that the increase in PCP concentration caused a decrease in the CMC value. In the biodegradation assay, in liquid medium supplemented with 0.9 g·L-1 of SL, the 94.4% of PCP was biodegraded after 26 days of incubation. In contrast, in the control assay (without SL), the 76.5% of PCP was removed. The PCP degradation was confirmed by the presence of its metabolites. During biodegradation assay, A. discolor mainly produced manganese peroxidase reaching a maximum of 96.8 U·g-1 (dw) when the culture medium was added with 0.6 g·L-1 of SL. These results show that SL can be applied to increasing the bioavailability and biodegradation of PCP.

Share and Cite:

M. Bustamante, O. Rubilar and M. Diez, "Effect of Soya Lecithin on Solubilization and Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol by Anthracophyllum discolor," American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2014, pp. 28-38. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2014.51005.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] M. K. Mannisto, M. S. Salinoja-Salonen and J. A. Puhakka, “In Situ Polychlorophenol Bioremediation Potential of the Indigenous Bacterial Community of Boreal Groundwater,” Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 10, 2001, pp. 2496-2504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00527-3
[2] G. L. Qiao, J. D. Brooks and J. E. Riviere, “Pentachlorophenol Dermal Absorption and Disposition from Soil in Swine: Effects of Occlusion and Skin Microorganism Inhibition,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 147, No. 2, 1997, pp. 234-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1997.8288
[3] W. Y. Shiu, K. C. Ma, D. Varhanickova and D. Mackay, “Chlorophenols and Alkylphenols—A Review and Correlation of Environmentally Relevant Properties and Fate in an Evaluative Environment,” Chemosphere, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1994, pp. 1155-1224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90252-6
[4] M. Cea, J. C. Seaman, A. A. Jara, M. L. Mora and M. C. Diez, “Describing Chlorophenol Sorption on VariableCharge Soil Using the Triple-Layer Model,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 292, No. 1, 2005, pp.171-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.074
[5] US Environmental Protection Agency, “Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites,” Cincinnati, OH, 1997.
[6] O. Rubilar, G. Tortella, M. Cea, F. Acevedo, M. Bustamante, L. Gianfreda and M. C. Diez, “Biorremediation of a Chilean Andisol Contaminated with Pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Solid Substrate Cultures of White-rot Fungi,” Biodegradation, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2011, pp. 31-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-010-9373-9
[7] G. V. B. Reddy and M. H. Gold, “Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Intermediates and Reactions Involved,” Microbiology, Vol. 146, No. 2, 2000, pp. 405-413.
[8] M. R. Sedarati, T. Keshavarz, A. A. Leontievsky and C. S. Evans, “Transformation of High Concentrations of Chlorophenols by White-Rot Basidiomycete Trametes versicolor Inmobilized on Nylon mesh,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2003, pp. 104-114.
[9] D. Boyle, “Effects of pH Cyclodextrins on Pentachlorophenol Degradation (Mineralization) by White-Rot Fungi,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 80, No. 4, 2006, pp. 380-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.09.017
[10] O. Rubilar, G. Feijoo, M. C. Diez, T. A. Lu-Chau, M. T. Moreira and J. M. Lema, “Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil Slurry Cultures by Bjerkandera adusta and Anthracophyllum discolor,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 46, No. 21, 2007, pp. 6744-6751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie061678b
[11] C. A. Reddy, “The Potential for White-Rot Fungi in the Treatment of Pollutants,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1995, pp. 320-328.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-1669(95)80054-9
[12] I. Eichlerová, L. Homolka, L. Lisá and F. Nerud, “Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R Decolorization by White Rot Fungi Dichomitus squalens, Ischnoderma resinosum and Pleurotus calyptratus,” Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 3, 2005, pp. 398-404.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.036
[13] G. R. Tortella, O. Rubilar, L. Gianfreda, E. Valenzuela and M. C. Diez, “Enzymatic Characterization of Chilean Native Wood-Rotting Fungi for Potential Use in the Bioremediation of Polluted Environments with Chlorophenols,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 24, No. 12, 2008, pp. 2805-2818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9810-7
[14] L. Zhu and S. Feng, “Synergistic Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Mixed Anionic-Nonionic Surfactants,” Chemosphere, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2003, pp. 459-467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00541-1
[15] B. Zhao, L. Zhu, W. Li and B. Chen, “Solubilization and Biodegradation of Phenanthrene in Mixed Anionic-Nonionic Surfactant Solutions,” Chemosphere, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2005, pp. 33-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.067
[16] Y. Z. Gao, W. T. Ling, L. Z. Zhu, B. W. Zhao and Q. S. Zheng, “Surfactant-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants: Potential and Assessment,” Pedosphere, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2007, pp. 409-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60050-2
[17] C. C. West and J. H. Harwell, “Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, 1992, pp. 2324-2330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00036a002
[18] N. Christofi and I. Ivshina, “Microbial Surfactants and Their Use in Field Studies of Soil Remediation,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 93, No. 6, 2002, pp. 915-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01774.x
[19] D. A. Edwards, R. G. Luthy and Z. Liu, “Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Micellar Nonionic Surfactant Solutions,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1991, pp. 127-133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00013a014
[20] D. J. L. Prak and P. H. Pritchard, “Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Micellar Nonionic Surfactant Solutions,” Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 14, 2002, pp. 3463-3472.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00070-2
[21] R.-A. Doong and W.-G. Lei, “Solubilization and Mineralization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas putida in the Presence of Surfactant,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 96, No. 1, 2003, pp. 15-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00167-X
[22] K.-H. Shin, K.-W. Kim and Y. Ahn, “Use of Biosurfactant to Remediate Phenanthrene-Contaminated Soil by the Combined Solubilization-Biodegradation Process,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 137, No. 3, 2006, pp. 1831-1837.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.025
[23] T. L. Cort, M. S. Song and A. Bielefeldt, “Nonionic Effects on Pentachlorophenol Biodegradation,” Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 5, 2002, pp. 1253-1261.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00320-7
[24] K. Hanna, R. Denoyel, I. Beurroies and J. P. Dubès, “Solubilization of Pentachlorophenol in Micelles and Confined Surfactant Phases,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 254, No.1-3, 2005, pp. 231-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.12.016
[25] C. J. Soeder, A. Papaderos, M. Kleespies, H. Kneifel, F. H. Haegel and L. Webb, “Influence of Pythogenic Surfactants (Quillaya Saponin and Soya Lecithin) on BioElimination of Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene by Three Bacteria,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 44, No. 5, 1996, pp. 654-659.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172499
[26] J. D. Desai and I. M. Banat, “Microbial Production of Surfactants and Their Commercial Potential,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 61, No. 1, 1997, pp. 47-64.
[27] F. Fava and D. Di Gioia, “Soya Lecithin Effects on the Aerobic Biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in an Artificially Contaminated Soil,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2001, pp. 177-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0290(20000120)72:2<177::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-K
[28] A. Singh, J. D. Van Hamme and O. P. Ward, “Surfactants in Microbiology and Biotechnology: Part 2. Application Aspects,” Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007, pp. 99-121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.10.004
[29] A. Flasz, C. A. Rocha, B. Mosquera and C. Sajo, “A Comparative Study of the Toxicity of a Synthetic Surfactant and One Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 55925,” Medical Science Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1998, pp. 181-185.
[30] M. Bustamante, M. E. González, A. Cartes and M. C. Diez, “Effect of Soya Lecithin on the Enzymatic System of the White-Rot Fungi Anthracophyllum discolor,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2011, pp. 189-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0844-0
[31] M. Tien and T. K. Kirk, “Lignin Peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 161, 1988, pp. 238-249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(88)61025-1
[32] E. deJong, A. E. Cazemier, J. A. Field and J. A. M. de Bont, “Physiological Role of Chlorinated Aryl Alcohols Biosynthesized De Novo by the White Rot Fungus Bjerkandera sp. Strain BOS55,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 60, No. 1, 1994, pp. 271-277.
[33] M. D. P. Castillo, P. Ander and J. Stenstrom, “Lignin and Manganese Peroxidase Activity in Extracts from Straw Solid Substrate Fermentations,” Biotechnology Techniques, Vol. 11, No. 9, 1997, pp. 701-706.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018423829918
[34] K. Eddouaouda, S. Mnif, A. Badis, S. Ben Younes, S. Cherif, S. Ferhat, N. Mhiri, M. Chamkha and S. Sayadi, “Characterization of a Novel Biosurfactant Produced by Staphylococcus sp. Strain 1E with Potential Application on Hydrocarbon Bioremediation,” Journal of Basic Microbiology, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2012, pp. 408-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201100268
[35] J.-L. Li and B.-H. Chen, “Surfactant-Mediated BioDegradation of Polyciclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Materials, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009, pp. 76-94.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma2010076
[36] D. Garon, S. Krivobok, D. Wouessidjewe and F. SeigleMurandi, “Influence of Surfactants on Solubilization and Fungal Degradation of Fluorine,” Chemosphere, Vol. 47, No. 3, 2002, pp. 303-309.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00299-5
[37] N. K. Bordoli and B. K. Konwar, “Bacterial Biosurfactant in Enhancing Solubility and Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 170, No. 1, 2009, pp. 495-505.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.136
[38] K. Nesměrák and I. Němcová, “Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration by Electrochemical Means,” Analytical Letters, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1023-1040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032710600620302
[39] E. Fuguet, C. Ràfols, M. Rosés and E. Bosch, “Critical Micelle Concentration of Surfactants in Aqueous Buffered and Unbuffered Systems,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 548, No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 95-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.069
[40] P. A. Hassan and J. V. Yakhmi, “Growth of Cationic Micelles in the Presence of Organic Additives,” Langmuir, Vol. 16, No. 18, 2000, pp. 7187-7191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la000517o
[41] D. G. Choi, W. J. Kim and S. M. Yang, “Shear-Induced Microestructure and Rheology of Cetylpyridinium Chloride/Sodium Salicylate Micellar Solutions,” Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3-4, 2000, pp. 143-149.
[42] M. Abu-Hamdiyyah, “Amphiphilic Coaggregation with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 90, No. 7, 1986, pp. 1345-1349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100398a027
[43] G. J. Mileski, J. A. Bumpus, M. A. Jurek and S. D. Aust, “Bioegradation of Pentachlorophenol by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 12, 1988, pp. 2885-2889.
[44] B. C. Alleman, B. E. Logan and R. L. Gilbertson, “Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol to Six Species of White Rot Fungi as a Function of Chemical Dose,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 58, No. 12, 1992, pp. 4048-4050.
[45] S. K. Park and A. R. Bielefeldt, “Aqueous Chemistry and Interactive Effects on Non-Ionic Surfactant and Pentachlorophenol Sorption to Soil,” Water Research, Vol. 37, No. 19, 2003, pp. 4663-4672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.005
[46] M. J. van der Werf, S. Hartmans and W. J. J. van den Tweel, “Permeabilization and Lysis of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes Cells by Triton X-100 for Efficient Production of D-malate,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1995, pp. 590-594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164759
[47] M. Walter, J. Guthrie, S. Sivakumaran, E. Parker, A. Slade, D. McNaughton and K. Boyd-Wilson, “Screening of New Zealand Native White-Rot Isolates for PCP Degradation,” Bioremediation Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2003, pp. 119-128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713607977
[48] B. C. Alleman, B. E. Logan and R. L. Gilbertson, “A Rapid Method to Screen Fungi for Resistance to Toxic Chemicals,” Biodegradation, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1993, pp. 125-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702329
[49] A. Mendoza-Cantú, A. Albores, L. Fernández-Linares and R. Rodríguez-Vazquez, “Pentachlorophenol Biodegradation and Detoxification by the White-rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2000, pp. 107-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(2000)15:2<107::AID-TOX6>3.0.CO;2-K
[50] F. Volkering, A. M. Breure and W. H. Rulkens, “Microbiological Aspects of Surfactant Use for Biological Soil Remediation,” Biodegradation, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1998, pp. 401-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008291130109
[51] J. D. Van Hamme, A. Singh and O. P. Ward, “Physiological Aspects. Part 1 in a Series of Papers Devoted to Surfactants in Microbiology and Technology,” Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2006, pp. 604-620.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.08.001

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.