A New Strategy for Solving Two Cosmological Constant Problems in Hadron Physics

Abstract

A new approach to solving two of the cosmological constant problems (CCPs) is proposed by introducing the Abbott-Deser (AD) method for defining Killing charges in asymptotic de Sitter space as the only consistent means for defining the ground-state vacuum for the CCP. That granted, Einstein gravity will also need to be modified at short-distance nuclear scales, using instead a nonminimally coupled scalar-tensor theory of gravitation that provides for the existence of QCD’s two-phase vacuum having two different zero-point energy states as a function of temperature. Einstein gravity alone cannot accomplish this. The scalar field will be taken from bag theory in hadron physics, and the origin of the bag constant B is accounted for by gravity’s CC as B—noting that the Higgs mechanism does not account for either the curved-space origin of λ or the mass of composite hadrons. A small Hubble-scale graviton mass mg10-33eV naturally appears external to the hadron bag, induced by λ≠0. This mass is unobservable and gravitationally gauge-dependent. It is shown to be related to the cosmological event horizon in asymptotic de Sitter space.

Share and Cite:

T. Wilson, "A New Strategy for Solving Two Cosmological Constant Problems in Hadron Physics," Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 4 No. 5, 2013, pp. 686-703. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2013.45096.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] A. Einstein, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1917, pp. 142-152.
[2] A. Einstein, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1919, pp. 349-356.
[3] H. Weyl, “Raum-Zeit-Materie,” Springer, Berlin, 1922.
[4] M. Bronstein, Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, Vol. 3, 1933, pp. 73-82.
[5] G. Lemaitre, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 20, 1934, pp. 12-17. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.1.12
[6] Ya. B. Zel’dovich, JETP Letters, Vol. 6, 1967, pp. 316-317
[7] A. G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis, et al., Astronomical Journal, Vol. 116, 1998, pp. 1009-1038. doi:10.1086/300499
[8] S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, et al., Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 517, 1999, pp. 565-586. doi:10.1086/307221
[9] E. J. Copeland, M. Sami and S. Tsujikawa, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Vol. 15, 2006. pp. 1753-1935. doi:10.1142/S021827180600942X
[10] S. Weinberg, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 61, 1989, pp. 1-23. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.61.1
[11] T. Damour, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 37, 2010, p. 225.
[12] M. Maggiore, Physical Review D, Vol. 83, 2011, Article ID: 063514. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.063514
[13] M. Maggiore, L. Hollenstein, M. Jaccard and E. Mitsou, Physics Letters B, Vol. 704, 2011, pp. 102-107. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.09.010
[14] L. F. Abbott and S. Deser, Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 195, 1982, pp. 76-96. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(82)90049-9
[15] S. Weinberg, “The Cosmological Constant Problems,” In: D. Cline, Ed., Sources and Detection of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe, Springer, New York, 2001, pp. 18-28. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04587-9_2
[16] J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, Physical Review D, Vol. 64, 2001, Article ID: 023517. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.64.023517
[17] F. Kottler, Annalen der Physik, Vol. 56, 1918, pp. 401-462. doi:10.1002/andp.19183611402
[18] R. Arnowitt, S. Deser and C. Misner, “The Dynamics of General Relativity,” In: L. Witten, Ed., Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1962, pp. 227-265.
[19] V. Faraoni and F. I. Cooperstock, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 587, 2003, pp. 483-486. doi:10.1086/368258
[20] T. Shiromizu, Physical Review D, Vol. 49, 1994, pp. 5026-5029. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5026
[21] S. Deser and B. Tekin, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, 2002, Article ID: 101101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.101101
[22] S. Deser and B. Tekin, Physical Review D, Vol. 67, 2003, Article ID: 084009. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.084009
[23] S. Deser and B. Tekin, Physical Review D, Vol. 75, 2007, Article ID: 084032. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.084032
[24] S. Deser, I. Kanik, and B. Tekin, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 22, 2005, pp. 3383-3389. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/17/001
[25] G.W. Gibbons and S. Hawking, Physical Review D, Vol. 15, 1977, pp. 2738-2751. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2738
[26] H.W. Hamber, “Quantum Gravitation,” Springer, Berlin, 2009.
[27] I. L. Buchbinder, S. D. Odintsov and I. L. Shapiro, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 12, 1989, pp. 1-112. doi:10.1007/BF02740010
[28] K. S. Stelle, Physical Review D, Vol. 16, 1977, pp. 953-969. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.953
[29] K. S. Stelle, General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 9, 1978, pp. 353-371. doi:10.1007/BF00760427
[30] T. Padmanabhan, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 19, 2002, pp. 5387-5408. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/19/21/306
[31] B. Tekin, Private Communication.
[32] K. A. Olive and J. A. Peacock, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 37, 2010, pp. 230-245.
[33] E. Komatsu, K. Smith, M. Nolta, et al., Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Vol. 180, 2009, pp. 330-376. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330
[34] H.-J. Blome and T. L. Wilson, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 35, 2005, pp. 111-115. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.056
[35] S. Weinberg, “Cosmology,” Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
[36] C. M. Will, Living Reviews in Relativity, Vol. 9, 2006, pp. 3-100.
[37] D. M. Lucchesi and R. Peron, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, 2010, Article ID: 231101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.231103
[38] E. G. Adelberger, V. R. Heckel and A. E. Nelson, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 53, 2003, pp. 77-121. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110503
[39] T. D. Lee, Physica Scripta, Vol. 20, 1979, pp. 440-446. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/20/3-4/020
[40] P. Jordan, “Schwerkraft und Weltall,” 2nd Edtion, Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1955.
[41] M. Fierz, Helvetica Physica Acta, Vol. 29, 1956, pp. 128-134.
[42] C. Brans and R. H. Dicke, Physical Review, Vol. 124, 1961, pp. 925-935. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925
[43] F.-Q. Wu and X. Chen, Physical Review D, Vol. 82, 2010, Article ID: 083003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.083003
[44] B. Bertotti, L. Iess and P. Tortora, Nature, Vol. 425, 2003, pp. 374-376. doi:10.1038/nature01997
[45] R. D. Reasenberg, I. I. Shapiro, P. MacNeil, et al., Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 234, 1979, pp. L219-L221. doi:10.1086/183144
[46] N. Banerjee and S. Sen, Physical Review D, Vol. 56, 1997, pp. 1334-1337. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.1334
[47] E. V. Shuryak, Physics Reports, Vol. 115, 1984, pp. 151-314.
[48] J. F. Donoghue, Physical Review D, Vol. 22, 1980, pp. 1780-1786. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.22.1780
[49] G. M. Shore, Annals of Physics, Vol. 128, 1980, pp. 376-424. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(80)90326-7
[50] F. R. Klinkhamer and G. E. Volovik, Physical Review D, Vol. 78, 2008, Article ID: 063528. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.063528
[51] Y. Hosotani, Physical Review D, Vol. 32, 1985, pp. 1949-1953. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.32.1949
[52] O. Bertolami, Physics Letters B, Vol. 186, 1987, pp. 161-166. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(87)90273-5
[53] R. Friedberg and T. D. Lee, Physical Review D, Vol. 15, 1977, pp. 1694-1711. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.1694;
[54] R. Friedberg and T. D. Lee, Physical Review D, Vol. 16, 1977, pp. 1096-1118. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1096;
[55] R. Friedberg and T. D. Lee, Physical Review D, Vol. 18, 1978, pp. 2623-2633. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.18.2623
[56] T. D. Lee, “Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory,” Harwood Academic, New York, 1981.
[57] T. D. Lee and G. C. Wick, Physical Review D, Vol. 9, 1974, pp. 2291-2316. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.9.2291
[58] L. Wilets, “The Non-Topological Soliton Bag Model,” In: K.-F. Liu, Ed., Chiral Solitons, World Scientific, Singapore, 1987, pp. 362-405.
[59] L. Wilets, “Nontopological Solitons,” World Scientific, Singapore, 1989.
[60] M. Guidry, “Gauge Field Theories,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
[61] U. Mosel, “Fields, Symmetries, and Quarks,” Springer, New York, 1999.
[62] W. N. Cottingham and R. V. Mau, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 24, 1998, pp. 1227-1233. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/24/7/005
[63] M. Creutz, Physical Review D, Vol. 10, 1974, pp. 1749-1752. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1749
[64] R. Hayashi, Progress in Theoretical Physics, Vol. 71, 1984, pp. 791-805. doi:10.1143/PTP.71.791
[65] A. Chodos, R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, C. B. Thorn and V. F. Weisskopf, Physical Review D, Vol. 9, 1974, pp. 3471-3495. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3471
[66] A. Chodos, R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson and C. B. Thorn, Physical Review D, Vol. 10, 1974, pp. 2599-2604. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2599
[67] G. G. Barnafoldi and V. Gogokhia, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 37, 2010, Article ID: 025003. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/2/025003
[68] T. H. Hansson, K. Johnson and C. Peterson, Physical Review D, Vol. 26, 1982, pp. 2069-2085. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.26.2069
[69] S. P. Gavrilov and D. M. Gitman, International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 26, 2011, pp. 3752-3758. doi:10.1142/S0217751X11054218
[70] S. Weinberg, “Gravitation and Cosmology,” John Wiley, New York, 1972.
[71] T. L. Wilson, “A New Interpretation of Einstein’s Cosmological Constant,” 2011. http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1110.6095
[72] P. Hasenfratz and J. Kuti, Physics Reports C, Vol. 40, 1978, pp. 75-179. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(78)90076-5
[73] F. A. Lunev and O. V. Pavlovsky, Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Vol. 117, 1998, pp. 1241-1250. doi:10.1007/BF02557164
[74] F. A. Lunev, Physics Letters B, Vol. 311, 1993, pp. 273-276. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(93)90567-2
[75] D. Singleton and A. Yoshida, Foundations of Physics Letters, Vol. 15, 2002, pp. 263-275. doi:10.1023/A:1021083604459
[76] O. V. Pavlovsky, Physics Letters B, Vol. 485, 2000, pp. 151-156. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00673-0
[77] S. Coleman and E. J. Weinberg, Physical Review D, Vol. 7, 1973, pp. 1888-1910. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.1888
[78] D. J. Toms, Physical Review D, Vol. 25, 1982, pp. 2536-2547. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.2536
[79] L. H. Ford and D. J. Toms, Physical Review D, Vol. 25, 1982, pp. 1510-1518. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.1510
[80] R. Su and R. Pan, Physics Letters B, Vol. 230, 1989, pp. 99-102. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(89)91660-2
[81] W. Enke, L. Jiarong and L. Lianshou, Physical Review D, Vol. 41, 1990, pp. 2288-2293. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.41.2288
[82] G. Song, W. Enke and L. Jiarong, Physical Review D, Vol. 46, 1992, pp. 3211-3214. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.3211
[83] A. Linde, Letters to Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Vol. 19, 1974, pp. 183-184;
[84] Erratum, Letters to Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Vol. 20, 1974, p. 29.
[85] V. V. Begun, M. I. Gorenstein and O. A. Mogilevsky, Ukranian Journal of Physics, Vol. 55, 2010, pp. 1049-1052.
[86] The CMS Collaboration, Science, Vol. 338, 2012, pp. 1569-1575. doi:10.1126/science.1230816
[87] The ATLAS Collaboration, Science, Vol. 338, 2012, pp. 1576-1582. doi:10.1126/science.1232005
[88] R. Friedberg and T. D. Lee, “A Soluble Model of ‘Higgs Boson’ As a Composite,” 2009. http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/0912.0364 .
[89] C. T. Hill and E. H. Simmons, Physics Reports, Vol. 381, 2003, pp. 235-402. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(03)00140-6
[90] T. L. Wilson, “Gravitational Radiation Theory,” Master’s Thesis, Rice University, Houston, 1973.
[91] S. Weinberg, “The Quantum Theory of Fields,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
[92] P. W. Anderson, Physics Today, Vol. 53, 2000, p. 11. doi:10.1063/1.882955
[93] P. Nieuwenhuizen, Physical Review D, Vol. 7, 1973, pp. 2300-2308. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2300
[94] M. Fierz and W. Pauli, “On Relativistic Wave Equations for Particles of Arbitrary Spin in an Electromagnetic Field,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, Vol. 173, No. 953, 1939, pp. 211-232. doi:10.1098/rspa.1939.0140
[95] T. Regge and J. A. Wheeler, Physical Review, Vol. 108, 1957, pp. 1063-1069. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1063
[96] P. C. Peters, Physical Review, Vol. 146, 1966, pp. 938-946. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.146.938
[97] R. A. Isaacson, Physical Review, Vol. 166, 1968, pp. 1263-1271.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.166.1263
[98] R. A. Isaacson, Physical Review, Vol. 166. pp. 1272-1280. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.166.1272
[99] F. J. Zerilli, Physical Review D, Vol. 2, 1970, pp. 2141-2160. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.2141
[100] F. J. Zerilli, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 24, 1970, pp. 737-738. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.737
[101] A. Higuchi, Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 325, 1989, pp. 745-765. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(89)90507-5
[102] A. Higuchi, Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 282, 1987, pp. 397-436. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(87)90691-2
[103] H. van Dam and M. Veltman, Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 22, 1970, pp. 397-411. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(70)90416-5
[104] V. I. Zakharov, Letters to Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Vol. 12, 1970, pp. 312-314.
[105] D. G. Boulware and S. Deser, Physics Letters B, Vol. 40, 1972, pp. 227-229. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(72)90418-2
[106] D. G. Boulware and S. Deser, Physical Review D, Vol. 6, 1972, pp. 3368-3382. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.6.3368
[107] A. Vainshtein, Physics Letters B, Vol. 39, 1972, pp. 393-394. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(72)90147-5
[108] F. A. Dilkes, M. J. Duff, J. T. Liu and H. Sati, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 87, 2001, Article ID: 041301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.041301
[109] D. Deffayet, G. Dvali, G. Gabadadze and A. Vainshtein, Physical Review D, Vol. 65, 2002, Article ID: 044026. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.044026
[110] M. Porrati, Physics Letters B, Vol. 534, 2002, pp. 209-215. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01656-8
[111] S. Deser and A. Waldron, Physics Letters B, Vol. 501, 2001, pp. 134-139. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00109-5
[112] A. Zee, “Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.