In Vitro Sickling Inhibitory Effects and Anti-Sickle Erythrocytes Hemolysis of Dicliptera colorata C. B. Clarke, Euphorbia hirta L. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Pius T. Mpiana, Blaise K. Lombe, Aladdin M. Ombeni, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Damien S. T. Tshibangu, Louisette K. Wimba, Dorothée D. Tshilanda, Felicien K. Mushagalusa, Sévérin K. Muyisa

Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, D.R. Congo.
Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Bukavu, Bukavu, D.R. Congo.
Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, D.R. Congo.

DOI: 10.4236/ojbd.2013.31009                

Abstract

Diclipteracolorata C. B. Clarke, Euphorbia hirta L. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench are reported among plant species used in Congolese traditional medicine to treat Sickle Cell Disease. These medicinal plants have been investigated for their inhibitory effect on the induced sickling process of red blood cells using Emmel’s test. Aqueous plant extracts showed good antisickling activity as revealed by the observed normal biconcave form of sickle red blood cells in anoxic conditions. The calculated radius of treated red blood cells by Euphorbia hirta L., Diclipteracolorata C. B. Clarke and Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench extracts are 3.31 ± 0.55; 3.34 ± 0.53; 3.17 ± 0.52, respectively. Euphorbia hirta L. is the most active with a normalization rate, more than 70%. The chemical screening performed on these plants showed the presence of anthocyanins which were then extracted. The test carried out with anthocyanin extracts showed that these phenolic compounds have a good antisickling activity and, additionally, possess an anti-hemolytic effect on SS blood. This suggests that the evidenced biological activity of these plants would be due to anthocyanins. The results hence obtained justify the use of these plants in Congolese traditional medicine.

Keywords

Sickle Cell Disease; Antisickling Activity; Anti-Hemolytic Properties; Diclipteracolorata ; Sorghum bicolor; Euphorbia hirta; Anthocyanins

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	World Health Organization, “Drépanocytose et Autres Hémoglobinopathies,” 2012. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs308/fr/index.html
[2]	B. P. Urade, “Incidence of Sickle Cell Anaemia and Thalassaemia in Central India,” Open Journal of Blood Diseases, Vol. 2, 2012, pp. 71-80. doi:10.4236/ojbd.2012.24014
[3]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, L. Nyamangombe, M. K. Kakule, K. N. Ngbolua, E. K. Atibu, A. K. Mbongo, M. B. Mbala and J. K. Ntumba, “Antisickling Activity and Photodegradation Effect of Anthocyanins Extracts from Alchorneacordifolia (Schumach&Thonn) and Crotalaria Retusa,” Annales Africaines de Medecine, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2009, pp. 239-244.
[4]	P. T. Mpiana, “Biophysique Médicale,” Tome 1, Academic Express Press, Kinshasa, 2010.
[5]	P. T. Mpiana, D. S. T. Tshibangu, O. M. Shetonde and K. N. Ngbolua, “In Vitro Antidrepanocytary Activity (antiSickle Cell Anaemia) of Some Congolese Plants,” Phytomedicine, Vol. 14, 2007, pp. 192-195. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.05.008
[6]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, D. S. T Tshibangu, K. N. Ngbolua, O. M. Shetonde, K. P. Mangwala and B. K. Mavakala, “In Vitro Antisickling Activity of Anthocyanins Extracts of a Congolese Plant: Alchornea cordifolia M. Arg.,” Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 7, 2007, pp. 1182-1186. doi:10.3923/jms.2007.1182.1186
[7]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, K. N. Ngbolua, D. S. T. Tshibangu, O. M. Shetonde and M. B. Mbala, “In Vitro Antisickling Activity of Anthocyanins from Ocimumbasilicum L. (Lamiaceae),” International Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2007, pp. 371-374.
[8]	B. Gulbis, A. Ferster, A. Kentos, D. M. Munungi, F. Cotton, E. Ronge, M. F. Dresse, C. Bradstreet, P. Cochaux and F. Vertongem, “La Drépanocytose: Une Affection Exotique ou un Problème de Santé Publique en Belgique?” Revue Médicale de Bruxelles, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2005, pp. 309-313.
[9]	A. O. Akinsulie, E. O. Temibe, A. S. Akanmu, F. E. A. Lesi and C. O. Whyte, “Clinical Evaluation of Extract of Cajanuscajan (Cicklavit?),” Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 51, No. 4, 2005, pp. 200-205. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmh097
[10]	E. W. Iyamu, E. A. Turner and T. Asakura, “In Vitro Effects of NIPRISAN (Nix-0699): A Naturally Occurring, Potent Antisickling Agent,” British Journal of Haematology, Vol. 118, No. 1, 2002, pp. 337-343. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03593.x
[11]	A. S. Mehanna, “Sickle Cell Anemia and Antisickling Agents then and now,” Current Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2001, pp. 79-88. doi:10.2174/0929867013373778
[12]	D. J. Newman and G. M. Cragg, “Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the 30 Years from 1981 to 2010,” Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 75, No. 3, 2012, pp. 311-335. doi:10.1021/np200906s
[13]	P. T. Mpiana, K. N. Ngbolua, V. Mudogo, D. S. T. Tshibangu, E. K. Atibu, D. D. Tshilanda and N. M. Misengabu, “Anti-Sickle Erythrocytes Haemolysis Properties and Inhibitory Effect of Anthocyanins Extracts of Tremaorientalis (ULMACEAE) on the Aggregation of Human Deoxyhemoglobin S in Vitro,” Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011, pp. 129-137. doi:10.3923/jms.2011.129.137
[14]	P. T. Mpiana, M. T. Bokota, M. B. L. Ndjele, V. Mudogo, D. S. T. Tshibangu, K. N Ngbolua, E. K. Atibu, J. T. K. Kwembe and L. K. Makelele, “Antisickling Activity of Three Species of Justicia from Kisangani (DR Congo): Justiciatenella, J. gendarussa and J. insularis,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1953-1961.
[15]	P. T. Mpiana, K. N. Ngbolua, M. T. Bokota, T. K. Kasonga, E. K. Atibu and V. Mudogo, “In Vitro Effects of Anthocyanins Extracts from Justiciasecunda Vahl on the Solubility of Hemoglobin S and Membrane Stability of Sickle Erythrocytes,” Blood Transfusion, Vol. 8, 2010, pp. 248-254.
[16]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, D. S. T. Tshibangu, K. N. Ngbolua, K. P. Mangwala, E. K. Atibu, M. K. Kakule, L. K. Makelele and M. T. Bokota, “Antisickling Activity and Thermodegradation of an Anthocyanin Fraction from Ocimumbasilicum L. (LAMIACEAE),” Comprehensive Bioactive Natural Products, Vol. 3, 2010, pp. 278-287.
[17]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, K. N. Ngbolua, D. S. T. Tshibangu, E. K. Atibu, E. K. Kitwa and A. B. Kanangila, “In Vitro Antisickling Activity of Anthocyanins Extracts of Vignaunguiculata (L.) Walp.,” In: J. N. Govil and V. K. Singh, Eds., Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants: Chemistry and Medicinal Value, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, Vol. 25, 2009, pp. 91-98.
[18]	P. T. Mpiana, E. K. Balangayi, A. B. Kanangila, E. M. Kalonda, K. N. Ngbolua, D. S. T. Tshibangu, E. K. Atibu and J. B. S. Lumbu, “Activitéantidrépanocytaire et Thermodégradation des Anthocyanesextraits de Sterculiaquinqueloba et Ficuscapensis,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 551-560.
[19]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, Y. F. Kabangu, D. S. T. Tshibangu, K. N. Ngbolua, E. K. Atibu, K. P. Mangwala, M. B. Mbala, L. K. Makalele and M. T. Bokota, “Antisickling Activity and Thermostability of Anthocyanins Extract from a Congolese Plant, Hymenocardiaacida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae),” International Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2009, pp. 65-70. doi:10.3923/ijp.2009.65.70
[20]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, D. S. T. Tshibangu, K. N. Ngbolua, E. K. Atibu, E. K. Kitwa, A. B. Kanangila and L. K. Makelele, “Activitéantifalcémiante et Thermodégradationd’une Fraction D’anthocyanesextraits de Zizyphusmucronata,” Annales Africaines de Medecine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009, pp. 91-97.
[21]	P. T. Mpiana, V. Mudogo, D. S. T. Tshibangu, E. K. Kitwa, A. B. Kanangila, J. B. S. Lumbu, K. N. Ngbolua, E. K. Atibu and M. K. Kakule, “Antisickling Activity of Anthocyanins from Bombaxpentadrum, Ficuscapensis and Ziziphusmucronata: Photodegradation Effect,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 120, No. 3, 2008, pp. 413-418. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.012
[22]	J. Bruneton, “Pharmacognosie, Phytochimie des Plantes Médicinales,” 3rd Edition, Revue et Augmentée, Tec & Doc, Paris, 1999.
[23]	WHO, “World Health Report: Reducing risks, Promoting Healthy Life,” 2002. http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/summary_riskfactors_chp4.pdf
[24]	S. K. Hore, V. Ahuja, G. Mehta, P. Kumar, S. K. Pandey and A. H. Ahmad, “Effect of Aqueous Euphorbia hirta Leaf Extract on Gastrointestinal Motility,” Fitoterapia, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2006, pp. 35-38. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.014
[25]	K. Vijaya, S. Ananthan and R. Nalini, “Antibacterial Effect of Theaflavin, Polyphenon 60 (Camellia sinensis) and Euphorbiahirta on Shigella spp.—A Cell Culture Study,” Journal of Ethnophannacology, Vol. 49, No. 2, 1995, pp. 115-118.
[26]	M. S. Youssouf, P. Kaiser, M. Tahir, G. D. Singh, S. Singh, V. K. Sharma, N. K. Satti, S. E. Haque, R. K. Johri, “AntiAnaphylactic Effect of Euphorbia hirta,” Fitoterapia, Vol. 78, No. 7-8, 2007, pp. 535-539. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.003
[27]	L. Tona, N. P. Ngimbi, M. Tsakala, K. Mesia, K. Cimanga, S. Apers, T. De Bruyne, L. Pieters, J. Totté and A. J. Vlietinckm, “Antimalarial Activity of 20 Crude Extracts from Nine African Medicinal Plants Used in Kinshasa, Congo,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 68, No. 1-3, 1999, pp. 193-203. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00090-2
[28]	L. Tona, R. K. Cimanga, K. Mesia, C. T. Musuamba, T. De Bruyne, S. Apers, N. Hernans, S. Van Miert, L. Pieters, J. Totté and A. J. Vlietinck, “In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Extracts and Fractions from Seven Medicinal Plants Used in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2004, pp. 27-32. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.022
[29]	H. P. Misra and T. Fridovich, “Super-Oxide Ion Generation by Oxidation of Oxyhemoglobin to Methemoglobin,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 247, No. 21, 1972, pp. 6960-6962.
[30]	R. P. Hebbel, J. W. Eaton, M. Balasingam and M. H. Steinberg, “Spontaneous Oxygen Radical Generation by Sickle Cell Erythrocytes,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 70, No. 6, 1982, pp. 1253-1259. doi:10.1172/JCI110724