Comparative Morphology and Anatomy of Non-Rheophytic and Rheophytic Types of Adenophora triphylla var. Japonica (Campanulaceae)

Kyohei Ohga, Miwako Muroi, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Jun Yokoyama, Katsura Ito, Shin-Ichi Tebayashi, Ryo Arakawa, Tatsuya Fukuda

Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan..

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.36097                

Abstract

The morphology and anatomy of leaves of rheophytic and non-rheophytic types of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) ADC var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara were compared in order to clarify how leaf characteristics differ. Our results revealed that the leaf of the rheophytic type of A. triphylla var. japonica was narrower than the leaf of the non-rheophytic type because of fewer cells that were also smaller. Moreover, surprisingly, the rheophytic ecotype of A. triphylla var. japonica was thinner than that of the non-rheophytic type, although the general tendency is that the rheophytic leaf is thicker than the closely related non-rheophytic species, suggesting that the rheophytic type of A. triphylla var. japonica adapts differently, as compared to other rheophytic plants, to solar radiation and evaporation.

Keywords

Rheophyte; Leaf; Ecotype; Adenophora triphylla var. Japonica

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	R. Imaichi and M. Kato, “Comparative Leaf Development of Osmunda lancea and O. japonica (Osmundaceae): Heterochronic Origin of Rheophytic Stenophylly,” The Botanical Magazine, Vol. 105, No. 2, 1992, pp. 199-213. doi:10.1007/BF02489415
[2]	M. Kato and R. Imaichi, “Leaf Anatomy of Tropical Fern Rheophytes with Its Evolutionary and Ecological Implications,” Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1992, pp. 165-174. doi:10.1139/b92-022
[3]	R. Imaichi and M. Kato, “Speciation and Morphological Evolution in Rheophytes,” In: K. Iwatsuki and P. H. Raven, Eds., Evolution and Diversification of Landplants, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 1997, pp. 309-318.
[4]	C. G. G. J. van Steenis, “Rheophyte of the World,” Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Alpen aan den Rijn, 1981.
[5]	R. Imaichi and M. Kato, “Comparative Leaf Morphology of Young Sporophytes of Rheophytic Osmunda lancea and Dryland O. japonica,” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 106, No. 1, 1993, pp. 37-45. doi:10.1007/BF02344371
[6]	Y. Yamada, H. Hayakawa, Y. Minamiya, K. Ito, Z. Shibayama, R. Arakawa and T. Fukuda, “Comparative Morphology and Anatomy of Rheophytic Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. et Sav. var. ripensis Makino (Asteraceae),” Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2011, pp. 35-42.
[7]	H. Tsukaya, “Leaf anatomy of a rheophyte, Dendranthema yoshinaganthum (Asteraceae), and of Hybrids between D. yoshinaganthum and a Closely Related Non- Rheophyte, D. indicum,” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 115, No. 5, 2002a, pp. 329-333. doi:10.1007/s10265-002-0041-y
[8]	M. Usukura, R. Imaichi and M. Kato, “Leaf Morphology of a Facultative Rheophyte, Farfugium japonicum var. luchuense (Compositae),” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 107, No. 3, 1994, pp. 263-267. doi:10.1007/BF02344253
[9]	H. Setoguchi and G. Kajimura, “Leaf Morphology of the Rheophyte, Rhododendron indicum f. otakumi (Ericaceae),” Acta Phytotaxomica et Geobotanica, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2004, pp. 45-54.
[10]	J. Okazaki, “Adenophora Fisch,” In: K. Iwatsuki, T. Yamazaki, E. B. David and H. Ohba, Eds., Flora of Japan, Angiospermae Dictyedoneae Sympetalae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo, 1993, pp. 406-410.
[11]	T. Yamanaka and K. Takezaki, “Distribution and Ecology of Rhododendron ripense Makino, with Reference to the Vegetation and Flora on Rocky River-Bank,” Journal of Japanese Botany, Vol. 34, 1959, pp. 215-224.
[12]	H. Tsukaya, “Interpretation of Mutants in Leaf Morphology: Genetic Evidence for a Compensatory System in Leaf Morphogenesis That Provides a New Link between Cell and Organismal Theory,” International Review of Cytology, Vol. 217, 2002b, pp. 1-39. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(02)17011-2
[13]	M. Kato, “Adaptation and evolution of rheophytes,” In: M. Kato, Ed., Evolutionary Morphology of Plants, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1999, pp. 131-183.
[14]	S. Mathews and D. J. Donoghue, “The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes,” Science, Vol.286, No. 5441, 1999, pp. 947-950. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.947
[15]	C. L. Parkinson, K. L. Adams and J. D. Palmer, “Maltigene Analyses Identify the Three Earliest Lineages of Extant Flowering Plants,” Current Biology, Vol. 9, 1999, pp. 1485-1488. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80119-0
[16]	Y. L. Qiu, J. Lee, F. Bernasconi-Quadroni, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, M. Zain, E. A. Zimmer, Z. Chen, V. Savolainen and M. W. Chase, “The Earliest Angiosperms: Evidence from Mitochondrial, Plastid and Nuclear Genomes,” Nature, Vol. 402, No. 6760, 1999, pp. 404-407. doi:10.1038/46536
[17]	P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis and M. W. Chase, “Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Multiple Genes as a Tool for Comparative Biology,” Nature, Vol. 402, No. 6760, 1999, pp. 402-404. doi:10.1038/46528
[18]	D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swenson, M. A. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nixon and J. S. Farris, “Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from a Combined Data Set of 18S rDNA, rbcL and atpB Sequences,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 133, No. 4, 2000, pp. 381-461. doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0380
[19]	N. Nomura, H. Setoguchi and T. Takaso, “Functional Consequences of Stenophylly for Leaf Productivity: Comparison of the Anatomy and Physiology of a Rheophyte, Farfugium japonicum var. luchuence, and a Related Non- Rheophyte, F. japonicum (Asteraceae),” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 119, No. 6, 2006, pp. 645-656. doi:10.1007/s10265-006-0024-5
[20]	ü. Niinemets, “Components of Leaf Dry Mass per Area— Thickness and Density—Alter Leaf Photosynthetic Capacity in Reverse Directions in Woody Plants,” New Phytolgist, Vol. 144, No. 1, 1999, pp. 35-47. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00466.x
[21]	ü. Niinemets, “Global-Scale Climatic Controls of leaf Dry Mass per Area, Density and Thickness in Trees and Shrubs,” Ecology, Vol. 82, No. 2, 2001, pp. 453-469. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0453:GSCCOL]2.0.CO;2