Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae)

Mohannad G. AL-Saghir, Duncan M. Porter

.

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.31002                

Abstract

Pistacia is an economically important genus because it contains the pistachio crop, P. vera, which has edible seeds of considerable commercial importance whose value has increased over the last two decades reaching an annual value of about $2 billion (harvested crop). The taxonomic relationships among its species are controversial and not well under- stood due to the fact that they have no genetic barriers. The taxonomy of this genus is revised in detail through our re- search. It includes the following taxa: Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. chinensis Bunge subsp. chinensis, P. chinensis subsp. falcata (Bess. ex Martinelli) Rech. f., P. chinensis subsp. integerrima (J.L. Stew. ex Brandis) Rech. f., P. eurycarpa Yalt., P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L. subsp. lentiscus, P. lentiscus subsp. emarginata (Engl.) AL-Saghir, P. mexicana Humb., Bonpl., & Kunth, P. X saportae Burnat, P. terebinthus L., P. vera L., and P. weinmannifolia Poiss. ex Franch. The genus is divided into two sections: section Pistacia and section Lentiscella. A key to the 14 taxa that have been recognized by this study is included. The new combination P. lentiscus subsp. emarginata (Engl.) AL-Saghir is made, and the names P. chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stew. ex Brandis) Rech. F., P. terebinthus L., and P. vera L. are lectotypified.

Keywords

Taxonomy; Phylogeny; Pistacia; Anacardiaceae; Genus; Pistacia Vera

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	P.F. Stevens, “Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 9,” 2008. http:www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/Apweb/
[2]	FAO, “Food and Agriculture Commodities,” 2010. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html
[3]	J. Tous and L. Ferguson, “Mediterranean Fruits”. In: J. Janick, Ed., Progress in New Crops, ASHS Press, Arlington, 1996, pp. 416-430.
[4]	D. E. Parfitt and M. L. Badenes, “Phylogeny of the Genus Pistacia as Determined from Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 94, No. 15, 1997, pp. 7987-7992. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7987
[5]	S. Kafkas and R. Perl-Treves, “Morphological and Molecular Phylogeny of Pistacia Species in Turkey,” Theorotical and Appllied Genetics, Vol. 102, 2001, pp. 908-915.
[6]	M. G. AL-Saghir, “Evolutionary History of the Genus Pistacia (Anacardiaceae),” International Journal of Botany, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2009, pp. 255-257. doi:10.3923/ijb.2009.255.257
[7]	M. G. AL-Saghir, “Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae) Based on Morphological Data,” Asian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2010, pp. 28-35. doi:10.3923/ajps.2010.28.35
[8]	S. Kafkas and R. Perl-Treves, “Inter-Specific Relationships in the Genus Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae) Based on RAPD Fingerprints,” The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, Vol. 37, 2002, pp. 168-171.
[9]	S. Kafkas, E. Kafkas and R. Perl-Treves, “Morphological Diversity and a Germplasm Survey of Wild Pistacia Species in Turkey,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2002, pp. 261-270. doi:10.1023/A:1015563412096
[10]	M. Zohary, “A Monographical Study of the Genus Pistacia,” Palestine Journal of Botany Jerusalem, Vol. 5, 1952, pp. 187-228.
[11]	C. Linnaeus, “Species Plantarum,” Laurentii Salvii, Vol. 2, 1753, pp. 1025-1026.
[12]	J. P. Tournefort, “Institutiones Rei Herbariae,” Typographia Regia, Vol. 2, 1700, pp. 579-580.
[13]	F. Yaltirik, “Anacardiaceae,” In: P. H. Davis, Ed., Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Vol. 2, 1967, pp. 544-548.
[14]	F. Yaltirik, “Anacardiaceae, Contributions to the Taxonomy of Woody Plants in Turkey,” Notes Royal Botanical Gardan, Vol. 28, 1967, pp.11-12.
[15]	IPNI, “The International Plant Name Index,” 2010. http://www.ipni.org
[16]	T. Yi, J. Wen, A. Golan-Goldhirsh and D. E. Parfitt, “Phylogenetics and Reticulate Evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae),” American Journal of Botany, Vol. 95, No. 2, 2008, pp. 241-251. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.241
[17]	A. Golan-Goldhirsh, O. Barazani, Z. S. Wang, D. K. Khadka, J. A. Saunders, V. Kostiukovsky and L. J. Rowland, “Genetic Relationships among Mediterra Nean Pistacia Species Evaluated by RAPD and AFLP Markers,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, Vol. 246, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 9-18. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0132-4
[18]	S. Kafkas, “Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Pistacia by AFLP Markers,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, Vol. 262, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 113-124. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0460-7
[19]	M. AL-Saghir and D. M. Porter, “Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Study of Pistacia Species (Anacardiaceae),” Asian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 5, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1002-1006. doi:10.3923/ajps.2006.1002.1006
[20]	A. Engler, “Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,” Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Vol. 11, 1936.
[21]	D. L. Swofford, “PAUP: Phlyogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony 4.0 b,” Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, 2003.
[22]	J. McNeil, F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burder, V. Demou, D. L. Hawksworth, K. Masrhold, D. H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skig, J. H. Wiersema and N. J. Turland, “International Code of Botanical Code (Vienna Code),” Regnum Vegetable, Vol. 146, 2006.
[23]	GRIN-CA, “Taxonomy,” 2010. http://pgrc3.agr.gc.ca/cgi-bin/npgs/html/econ.pl
[24]	W. T. Stearn, “An Introduction to the Species Plantarum and Cognate Botanical Works of Carl Linnaeus,” Carl Linnaeus Species Plantarum, Vol. 1, 1957, pp. 1-176.
[25]	C. Jarvis, “Order Out of Chaos. Linnean Plant Names and Their Types,” The Linnean Society, London, 2007.
[26]	H. O. Juel, “Joachim Burser’s Hortus Siccus Mit Erkl?rungen Herausgegeben,” Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1936. pp. 1-187.
[27]	S. Savage, “Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Linnean Society of London. Part II. Caroli Linnaei Determinationes in Hortum Siccum Joachimi Burseri,” The Linnean Society, London, 1937.
[28]	C. Bauhin, “Pinax Theatri Botanici,” 2nd Edition, Ludovici Regis, Basel, 1671.