A Systematic Review of Observational Studies, Demonstrating Smoking among School Going Adolescents ()
Affiliation(s)
1Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
3Visiting Faculty, Department of Medicine Consultancy, Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
4School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
5Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
6Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To characterize the methods of design and analysis currently adopted in survey research of school-based observational studies for smoking, and to identify the common pitfalls made by researchers. Methods: The systematic review was conducted in 2009 and consisted of observational studies in school settings published between January 2005 and January 2009. Smoking status was the main outcome of interest. Following Cochrane style, five steps were followed: setting selection criteria for studies and conducting a literature search; review of abstracts; review of complete articles; data extraction and quality assessment of included studies; and, finally, synthesis of studies. Results: Of the 292 abstracts retrieved, 45 (15.4%) articles were selected for the final review. Inconsistencies were found in the definition of smoking behaviour which impeded generalisability. Individual-level factors had importance, but environmental level factors were also important in studying the aetiology of smoking. Results showed that studies inappropriately reported sample size estimation and important confounding factors. Hierarchical linear modelling, random effects modelling and structural equation modelling were employed in comparatively few studies. Conclusions: There were concerns regarding data analysis of complex surveys. Fifty five percent of reviewed studies ignored environmental effects which may have produced unreliable inferences. Multi-level analysis assisted in understanding school-level effects.
Share and Cite:
Rozi, S. , Lancaster, G. , Mahmud, S. , Butt, Z. , Roome, T. and Zahid, N. (2019) A Systematic Review of Observational Studies, Demonstrating Smoking among School Going Adolescents.
Open Journal of Epidemiology,
9, 173-189. doi:
10.4236/ojepi.2019.92015.
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