Mach’s Principle, Action at a Distance and Cosmology - Journal of Modern Physics

JMP > Vol.6 No.3, February 2015

Journal of Modern Physics

Volume 6, Issue 3 (February 2015)

ISSN Print: 2153-1196 ISSN Online: 2153-120X

Google-based Impact Factor: 0.86 Citations h5-index & Ranking

Mach’s Principle, Action at a Distance and Cosmology ()

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DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2015.63031 4,599 Downloads 6,110 Views Citations

Author(s)

H. Fearn^*

Affiliation(s)

Department of Physics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, USA.

ABSTRACT

Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) in the 1960’s [1]-[3] developed a theory of gravitation which was completely Machian and used both retarded and advanced waves to communicate gravitational influence between particles. The advanced waves, which travel backward in time, are difficult to visualize and although they are mathematically allowed by relativistic wave equations, they never really caught on. The HN theory reduced to Einstein’s theory of gravity in the smooth fluid approximation and a transformation into the rest frame of the fluid. Hawking [4] in 1965 pointed out a possible flaw in the theory. This involved integrating out into the distant future to account for all the advanced waves which might influence the mass of a particle here and now. Hawking used infinity as his upper time limit and showed the integral was divergent. We point out that since the universe is known to be expanding, and accelerating, the upper limit in the advanced wave time integral should not be infinite but is bounded by the Cosmic Event Horizon. This event horizon H_e represents a barrier between future events that can be observed and those which cannot. We show that the advanced wave integral is finite when H_e/C, is used as the upper limit of the advanced wave integral. Hawking’s objection is no longer valid and the HN theory becomes a working theory once again.

KEYWORDS

Mach’s Principle, Action at a Distance, Advanced Waves, Hoyle-Narlikar Theory, Accelerating Universe, Event Horizon

Share and Cite:

Fearn, H. (2015) Mach’s Principle, Action at a Distance and Cosmology. Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 260-272. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2015.63031.

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