Author(s)

Chul Hyun^1*, Soonsik Kim², Emily Li², Minhee Lee², Mitchell K. Spinnell³, Joseph McMenamin⁴, Dohyun Cho¹

¹The Center for Viral Hepatitis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
²Korean Community Services of Metropolitan New York, New York City, NY, USA.
³Englewood Hospital Medical Center, Englewood, NJ, USA.
⁴Christian & Barton, LLP, Richmond, VA, USA.

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the United States (US) and globally. CHB disproportionately affects Asian Americans and many other immigrant minority populations, primarily owing to the high prevalence of CHB in their countries of origin. India is a country with a medium-to-high prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) (>2%) and has over 40 million people infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), with more than 115,000 deaths annually from HBV-related complications. Indian Americans are one of the largest immigrant populations in the US but remain underdiagnosed and poorly linked to clinical care. We, therefore, assessed the HBV prevalence and evaluated the linkage-to-care (LTC) among Indian Americans to develop strategic plans to reduce the impact of HBV in the US. Methods: Between April 2022 and January 2024, serologic screening and surveys were provided to 328 Indian American adults (age 20 - 80) in New York City. All participants were tested for a triple panel consisting of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), and hepatitis B core IgG antibody (anti-HBc). A survey was conducted on the subjects chronically infected with HBV regarding their histories of infection. Self-administered questionnaires were employed to evaluate demographic and epidemiologic characteristics. Results: Of 328 screened and evaluated (246 males and 82 females), 10 (3.0%) were HBV-infected, 222 (67.7%) were susceptible to HBV, and 96 (29.3%) were immune. The prevalence of chronic HBV varied between the age groups: 4.6% (age 20 - 40), 3.4% (age 41 - 60), and 1.7% (age 61 - 80). Of 10 chronically infected, only two subjects had been previously diagnosed but were not engaged in care. Conclusion: HBV disproportionately affects Asian Americans, primarily owing to immigration from parts of the world where the disease is endemic. Indian Americans belong to an intermediate-risk group, with an HBV prevalence of >2%, but remain underdiagnosed and poorly linked to care. Our pilot study on Indian American populations, the first of its kind, demonstrates a 3% prevalence of CHB, none of whom are linked to care. In addition, this population has a high percentage of unimmune subjects, creating a large reservoir for future infection. With the growing population of Indian Americans, our findings can be used to develop community-based strategies for HBV screenings and LTC that target high-risk groups.

Hepatitis B Virus, Chronic Hepatitis B, Indian Americans, Health Disparity, Community-Based Screening, Linkage-to-Care

Hyun, C. , Kim, S. , Li, E. , Lee, M. , Spinnell, M. , McMenamin, J. and Cho, D. (2024) Chronic Hepatitis B in Indian Americans: Lack of Screening and Poor Linkage to Care. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15, 197-209. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2024.154014.