Author(s)

Pasi Lahtinen^1*, Ville Koskela¹, Pawel Florkiewicz¹, Juha E. Jääskeläinen², Timo Koponen³, Jari Halonen⁴, Tadeusz Musialowicz¹

¹Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
²Department of Neurosurgery of Neuro Centre Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
³Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland.
⁴Heart Center Department, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

Introduction: The incidence of acute pain after craniotomy differs remarkably in previous studies, and the prevalence of persistent pain is not precisely known. We conducted 6-month follow-up surveys on the incidence and intensity of acute and persistent pain after elective craniotomy. Methods: We carried out a prospective cohort study via a series of structured questionnaires to record acute pain intensity preoperatively and postoperatively, and the incidence of persistent pain 3 and 6 months after a craniotomy in a tertiary care center. Patients scheduled for elective craniotomy were interviewed the day before surgery, postoperatively before discharge from the hospital, and 3 and 6 months after surgery. Pain was assessed on a numeric rating scale (0 - 10) at rest and movement, as well as expectations of pain before surgery, efficacy of pain therapy, and satisfaction with pain treatment. The incidence of adverse events, sleep time and interruptions caused by pain, different pain types, and drugs used for pain treatment were also recorded. Results: A total of 152 patients were enrolled in the study and completed the preoperative questionnaire; 123 (81%) completed postoperative questionnaire and 108 (72%) completed the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The average pain score at the time of the postoperative questionnaire was moderate, 4 at rest and 5 upon movement. The percentage of patients experiencing mild pain at rest and upon movement was 52% and 49%, and moderate pain was 15% and 16%, respectively. Severe postoperative pain was detected in 5% and 8% of patients at rest and upon movement, respectively. Three months after surgery, 6% of patients reported mild pain at rest, 3% moderate pain at rest, and 1% severe pain at rest. Persistent mild and moderate pain at rest after 6 months was reported by 3% and 1% of patients, respectively. The most common adverse events were postoperative nausea and vomiting (11%) and abdominal discomfort (8%). During postoperative pain treatment in the intensive care unit or post-anesthesia care unit, 92% of patients received acetaminophen, 88% fentanyl, and 24% oxycodone. During neurosurgical ward care, ibuprofen was used in 61% of patients. Satisfaction with analgesia was high throughout the study period with a median satisfaction score of 9 postoperatively and 10 at 3 and 6 months on the 0 - 10 scale. Conclusion: The findings indicate that most patients experience moderate or mild pain after craniotomy, but patient satisfaction with pain treatment is high. Persistent pain after 3 and 6 months is rare and mild in nature.

Craniotomy, Acute Pain, Persistent Pain, Pain Treatment, Adverse Events, Neurosurgery

Lahtinen, P. , Koskela, V. , Florkiewicz, P. , Jääskeläinen, J. , Koponen, T. , Halonen, J. and Musialowicz, T. (2023) Acute and Persistent Post-Craniotomy Pain: A Prospective 6-Month Follow-Up Questionnaire Study. Open Journal of Anesthesiology, 13, 119-133. doi: 10.4236/ojanes.2023.136012.