Author(s)

Poonam Sikka^1*, Shyam Sunder Paul², Andonissamy Jerome¹, Dwijesh Mishra³, Krishna Kumar Chaturvedi³, Inderjeet Singh¹, Anil Rai³

¹ICAR, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India.
²ICAR Project Directorate on Poultry (PDP), Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Campus, City, Hyderabad, India.
³ICAR, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

High Feed efficiency (FE) in growing heifers has economic importance in dairy, but remains less understood in buffaloes. Feed conversion efficiency is defined as dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight gain and is determined as residual feed intake (RFI), i.e., the difference between actual and predicted feed intake to gain unit body weight during a feed trial run for 78 days under control feeding. A large variation was identified ranging between -0.42 to 0.35 in growing buffalo heifers (n = 40) of age between 11 to 15 months. An average daily weight gain (ADG) varied between 382.0 and 807.6 g/day when compared with the control-fed heifers at an organized buffalo farm. The whole blood transcriptome data obtained from the selected growing heifers from extremes of estimated high and low RFI efficiency were compared with the reference assembly generated from the transcriptome of multiparous buffaloes (n = 16) of diverse age of maturity, period of regaining post partum cyclicity and level of milk production. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the reference genome of Mediterranean water buffalo. GO: terms (Padj < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) enriched by annotated DEGs and biological pathways in gene network for RFI efficiency trait were identified. GO: terms specific to pre-transcriptional regulation of nucleus and Chromatin organization under Nucleoplasm, Energy balancing, Immunity, Cell signaling, ROS optimization, ATP generation through the Electron Transport chain and cell proliferation were determined. The study reveals the indicators targeting the actual metabolic changes and molecular functions underlying the feed utilization capacity of buffaloes. Estimated RFI efficiency revealed a large variation over heifers which may lower the DMI even up to 13.6% thus, enabling an increase in ADG up to 16% by involving efficient heifers in breeding plan. The study revealed a scope of high gain by selective breeding for FE in heifers. FE variants catalogued in the study are useful breed-specific RFI markers for future reference. The study contributes to the understanding of feed efficiency in buffaloes and its association with key interactive traits such as reproduction and growth. This knowledge can be utilized to develop more effective breeding programs.

Bubalus bubalis, Feed Efficiency, Residual Feed Intake, Blood Transcriptome, Differentially Expressed Genes

Sikka, P. , Paul, S. , Jerome, A. , Mishra, D. , Chaturvedi, K. , Singh, I. and Rai, A. (2023) Functional Genes in Relation to Residual Feed Intake in Murrah Buffalo Heifers. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 14, 210-236. doi: 10.4236/abb.2023.144014.