Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Volume 7, Issue 3 (July 2021)

ISSN Print: 2380-4327   ISSN Online: 2380-4335

Google-based Impact Factor: 1.31  Citations  

What Is the Universe Ultimately Made of?

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DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2021.73068    747 Downloads   3,561 Views  Citations
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ABSTRACT

As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark u and its anti-quark are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then CP is violated in the doublet of u and uCP quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This CP violation is explained by a SU(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation u and uCP quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both CPT transformation and the SU(2)L×U(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the u and uCP quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein’s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle u and its anti-particle uCP are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.

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Sekine, M. (2021) What Is the Universe Ultimately Made of?. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 7, 1161-1181. doi: 10.4236/jhepgc.2021.73068.

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