Association of Race and Change in Ankle-Brachial Index: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort ()
Affiliation(s)
1Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
2Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
3Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study evaluates the association of self-reported race with change in ankle-brachial index (ABI) over time and modification of this association by paraoxonase gene (PON1, PON2 and PON3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods: This longitudinal study included 11,992 (N = 2952 Black, N = 9040 White) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort with PON genotyping. Mixed-effects models examined whether race was associated with change in ABI over time after adjustment for known peripheral artery disease (PAD) risk factors. Results: Change in ABI over time differed between Whites and Blacks (race-time interaction, p < 0.0001). Stratified analyses showed that ABI values were better in both Blacks and Whites who completed high school or more education compared to those who completed less education. None of the PON SNPs met the significance level (p < 0.001) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: ABI differences by race were small and although statistically significant, may not be clinically significant. Change in ABI over time varies by race and may be modified by education. Results suggest that higher education may influence the lifestyle and behavioral choices contributing to better ABI in both Blacks and Whites. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation.
Share and Cite:
Franey, E. , Kritz-Silverstein, D. , Richard, E. , Alcaraz, J. , Nievergelt, C. , Shaffer, R. and Bhatnagar, V. (2020) Association of Race and Change in Ankle-Brachial Index: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort.
Advances in Aging Research,
9, 77-93. doi:
10.4236/aar.2020.95007.
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