Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) wastewater treatment is a new method with great resource recovery potential. In order to improve the biomass and valuable resources of bacteria in the wastewater treatment of photosynthetic bacteria, the effects of different light conditions on the efficiency of Proteiniphilum acetatigenes PSB-W in the treatment of sugar wastewater and the production of bacteria and carotenoids in the wastewater were analyzed from three aspects of light source, light intensity and light period. Under the principle of priority of pollutant removal efficiency, the red LED light was selected with the light intensity of 4000 Lux, 16L (light):8D (dark) for light cycle, and the best efficiency of wastewater removal and bacterial yield were obtained when the culture time was 3d, Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate was 80.9%, bacterial OD600 was 0.907 ± 0.023, carotenoid yield was 7.83 ± 0.27 mg/L, respectively. These results show that PSB-W strains can provide more biomass and valuable substances in suitable environment. It provides a theoretical basis for the realization of wastewater recycling.