Author(s)

Abdullah Taha, Mahmood Amani

Texas A & M University at Qatar, Education City, Qatar.

Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also injected into the reservoirs to aid in mobilizing the hydrocarbons, maintain the pressure and increase the recovery of the development project. With water presence, some serious problems occur such as scaling. Scaling is a well-known problematic precipitation caused mainly due to mixing of two incompatible fluids, changes in temperature and pressure conditions and disturbance to thermodynamics and kinetics of reservoir fluids. They can be found at any point of the operations starting down at the formation up to the surface tanks. Scales are directly responsible for compromising the economics and safety of development projects. This review paper is going to include a recap of the importance of water in the oil and gas industry, then review the different types of scales as well as their properties including carbonate and sulfate scales. After that, famous scales from each type is going to be reviewed as well as their properties and precipitation conditions such as Calcium Carbonate CaCO₃, Calcium Sulfate CaSO₄, Barium Sulfate BaSO₄ and Strontium Sulfate SrSO₄. Moreover, common practices and precautions steps in the industry are going to be reviewed as well. Finally, the paper presents the common practices used by the operators for scale removal.

Scale, Calcium, Sulfate, Acid Soluble, Acid Insoluble, Mill

Taha, A. and Amani, M. (2019) Water Chemistry in Oil and Gas Operations: Scales Properties and Composition. International Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 130-141. doi: 10.4236/ijoc.2019.93012.