Load Balanced Routing Mechanisms for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Amita RANI, Mayank DAVE

.

DOI: 10.4236/ijcns.2009.27070                

Abstract

Properties of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) like dynamic topology and decentralized connectivity make routing a challenging task. Moreover, overloaded nodes may deplete their energy in forwarding others pack-ets resulting in unstable network and performance degradation. In this paper we propose load-balancing schemes that distribute the traffic on the basis of three important metrics -residual battery capacity, average interface queue length and hop count along with the associated weight values. It helps to achieve load bal-ancing and to extend the entire network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed load-balancing schemes significantly enhance the network performance and outperform one of the most prominent ad hoc routing protocols AODV and previously proposed load balanced ad hoc routing protocols including DLAR and LARA in terms of average delay, packet delivery fraction and jitter.

Keywords

Load Balanced Routing, Residual Battery Capacity, Hop Count, DLAR, LARA

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, and S. R. Das, “Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing,” Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-aodv-05.txt, March 2000.
[2]	D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, “The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks,” IETF Draft, 1999.
[3]	S. J. Lee and M. Gerla, “Dynamic load aware routing in ad hoc networks,” Proc. ICC, Helinski, Finland, pp. 3206–3210, June 2001.
[4]	V. Saigal, A. K. Nayak, S. K. Pradhan, and R. Mall, “Load balanced routing in mobile ad hoc networks,” El-sevier Computer Communications, Vol. 27 pp. 295–305, 2004.
[5]	H. Hassanein and A. Zhou, “Routing with load balancing in wireless ad hoc networks,” Proc. ACM MSWiM, Rome, Italy, pp. 89–96, July 2001.
[6]	K. Wu and J. Harms, “Load sensitive routing for mobile ad hoc networks,” Proc. IEEE ICCCN, Phoenix, AZ, pp. 540–546, Oct. 2001.
[7]	J.-W. Jung, D. I. Choi, K. Kwon, I. Chong, K. Lim, and H.-K. Kahng, “A correlated load aware routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks,” ECUMN, LNCS 3262, pp. 227–236, 2004.
[8]	M. R. Pearlman, Z. J. Hass, P. Sholander, and S. S. Tabrizi, “On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks,” Proc. of First An-nual Workshop on Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Mobihoc, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 3–10, Au-gust 2000.
[9]	A. Rani and M. Dave, “Performance evaluation of modi-fied AODV for LOAD balancing,” Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 3, pp. 863–868, 2007.
[10]	S. Singh, M. Woo, and C. Raghavendra, “Power-aware routing in mobile ad-hoc networks,” Proceedings of the 4th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mo-bile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), Dallas, TX, USA. New York, NY, pp. 181–190, Oct 25–30, 1998.
[11]	A. Srinivas and E. Modiano, “Minimum energy disjoint path routing in wireless ad-hoc networks,” Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), San Diego, CA, USA. New York, NY, pp. 122–133, Sep 14–19, 2003.
[12]	M. Subbarao, “Dynamic power-conscious routing for manets: An initial approach,” Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC, Vol. 2, pp. 1232–1237, Sep 19–22, 1999.
[13]	C. K. Toh, “Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad-hoc net-works,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 39, pp. 138–147, 2001.
[14]	N. Gupta and S. R. Das, “Energy-aware on-demand rout-ing for mobile ad-hoc networks,” Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Distributed Computing, IWDC, Capri, Italy, pp. 164–173, Sep 8–11, 2002.
[15]	L. Y. Li, C. L. Li, and P. Y. Yuan, “An energy level based routing protocol in Ad-hoc networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference of In-telligent Agent Technology (IAT’06), Hong Kong, China. Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 306–313, Dec 18–22, 2006.