Genetic Diversity of the Pepper Pathogen Phytophthora capsici on Farms in the Amazonian High Jungle of Peru

Jon Hulvey, Oscar Hurtado-Gonzalez, Liliana Aragón-Caballero, Daniel Gobena, Dylan Storey, Ledare Finley, Kurt Lamour

.

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2011.23054                

Abstract

Phytophthora capsici is an important oomycete pathogen of Capsicum peppers worldwide. Populations of P. capsici recovered from coastal regions in Peru were previously shown to be dominated by a single clonal lineage referred to as PcPE-1. During 2008, 219 isolates of P. capsici were collected from Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto), C. annum (Pimento), and C. baccatum (Aji) at 9 farms in the Amazonian high jungle in the areas surrounding Oxapampa, and one coastal location, Carabayllo. Two isolates of P. capsici were also recovered from Cyclanthera pedata (Caigua fruit) near one field. All isolates were characterized using a panel of eight single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that are fixed for heterozygosity in the PcPE-1 lineage. A subset of isolates was also characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Nine discreet SNP multi-locus genotypes were identified, and the PcPE-1 lineage was recovered from all of the field sites. Both A1 and A2 mating types were recovered from two sites. The implications of the genotypic diversity and distribution identified in this study are discussed.

Keywords

Population Genetics, DNA Markers, Clonality, Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	A. J. Gevens, R. S. Donahoo, K. H. Lamour and M. K. Hausbeck, “Characterization of Phytophthora capsici Causing Foliar and Pod Blight of Snap Bean in Michigan,” Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2008, pp. 201-209. doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-2-0201
[2]	C. R. Davidson, R. B. Carroll, T. A. Evans, R. P. Mulrooney and S. H. Kim, “First Report of Phytophthora capsici Infecting Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Mid-Atlantic Region,” Plant Disease, Vol. 86, No. 9, 2002, pp. 1049-1049. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.9.1049A
[3]	D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro, “Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide,” APS Press, St. Paul, 1996.
[4]	K. Lamour and S. Kamoun, “Oomycete Genetics and Genomics: Diversity, Interactions, and Research Tools,” Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, 2009.
[5]	D. P. Garnica, A. M. Pinzon, L. M. Quesada-Ocampo, A. J. Bernal, E. Barreto, N. J. Grunwald and S. Restrepo, “Survey and Analysis of Microsatellites from Transcript Sequences in Phytophthora Species: Frequency, Distribution, and Potential as Markers for the Genus,” BMC Genomics, Vol. 7, 2006, pp. 245. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-245
[6]	A.R. Dunn, M.G. Milgroom, J.C. Meitz, A. McLeod, W.E. Fry, M.T. McGrath, H.R. Dillard, and C.D. Smart, “Population Structure and Resistance to Mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State,” Plant Disease, Vol. 94, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1461-1468. doi:10.1094/PDIS-03-10-0221
[7]	F. Niepold, “Application of the SNP-Analysis for Characterization of Phytophthora infestans Isolates,” Nachri- chtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, Vol. 57, No. 9, 2005, pp. 183-187.
[8]	K. H. Lamour and M. K. Hausbeck, “Investigating the Spatiotemporal Genetic Structure of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan,” Phytopathology, Vol. 91, No. 10, 2001, pp. 973-980.
[9]	K. H. Lamour and M. K. Hausbeck, “The Dynamics of Mefenoxam Insensitivity in a Recombining Population of Phytophthora capsici Characterized with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers,” Phytopathology, Vol. 91, No. 6, 2001, pp. 553-557.
[10]	O. Hurtado-Gonzales, L. Aragon-Caballero, W. Apaza- Tapia, R. Donahoo, and K. Lamour, “Survival and Spread of Phytophthora capsici in Coastal Peru,” Phytopathology, Vol. 98, No. 6, 2008, pp. 688-694.
[11]	A. J. Gevens, R. S. Donahoo, K. H. Lamour and M. K. Hausbeck, “Characterization of Phytophthora capsici from Michigan Surface Irrigation Water,” Phytopathology, Vol. 97, No. 4, 2007, pp. 421-428.
[12]	K. Lamour and L. Finley, “A strategy for Recovering High Quality Genomic DNA from a Large Number of Phytophthora Isolates,” Mycologia, Vol. 98, No. 3, 2006, pp. 514-517.
[13]	P. Vos, R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. Vandelee, M. Hornes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman, M. Kuiper and M. Zabeau, “AFLP: A New Technique for DNA-Fingerprinting,” Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 23, No. 21, 1995, pp. 4407-4414. doi:10.1093/nar/23.21.4407
[14]	L. Habera, N. Smith, R. Donahoo and K. Lamour, “Use of a Single Primer to Fluorescently Label Selective Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Reactions,” Biotechniques, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2004, pp. 902-904.
[15]	W. E. Fry, S. B. Goodwin, A. T. Dyer, J. M. Matuszak, A. Drenth, P. W. Tooley, L. S. Sujkowski, Y. J. Koh, B. A. Cohen, L. J. Spielman, K. L. Deahl, D. A. Inglis and K. P. Sandlan, “Historical and Recent Migrations of Phytophthora infestans: Chronology, Pathways, and Implications,” Plant Disease, Vol. 77, No. 7, 1993, pp. 653-661. doi:10.1094/PD-77-0653
[16]	E. Stokstad, “Nurseries May Have Shipped Sudden Oak Death Pathogen Nationwide,” Science, Vol. 303, No. 5666, 2004, pp. 1959.
[17]	E. Hansen, “Alien Forest Pathogens: Phytophthora Species Are Changing the World Forests,” Boreal Environ Res, Vol. 13, 2008, pp. 33-41.
[18]	K. H. Lamour and M. K. Hausbeck, “The Spatiotemporal Genetic Structure of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan and Implications for Disease Management,” Phytopathology, Vol. 92, No. 6, 2002, pp. 681-684.
[19]	R. D. French-Monar, J. B. Jones and P. D. Roberts, “Characterization of Phytophthora capsici Associated with Roots of Weeds on Florida Vegetable Farms,” Plant Disease, Vol. 90, No. 3, 2006, pp. 345-350. doi:10.1094/PD-90-0345