Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus and Method of Application on the Growth and Yield of Wheat

Shahzado Noonari¹, Shahmir Ali Kalhoro^2,3, Amjad Ali⁴, Amanullah Mahar⁴, Sajjad Raza⁴, Muneer Ahmed^3,4, Syed Fayaz Ali Shah⁵, Sana Ullah Baloch⁶

¹Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
²Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
³Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science, Uthal, Pakistan.
⁴College of Natural Resources & Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
⁵Agricultural Research Institute (Tarnab), Peshawar, Pakistan.
⁶Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

DOI: 10.4236/ns.2016.87035                

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the productivity of wheat under different levels of phosphorus and method of application at Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. Experiment was laid out in a RCBD (factorial) with three replications. The treatments were four phosphorus levels (P₁ = 0 Kg?ha^–1 + Recommended Nitrogen, P₂ = 30 Kg?ha^–1 + Recommended Nitrogen, P₃ = 60 Kg?ha^–1 + Recommended Nitrogen and P₄ = 90 Kg?ha^–1 + Recommended Nitrogen) and two placement methods (A1 = Drilling method and A2 = Broadcast method). The statistical analysis of phosphorus levels and placement exhibited significant differences to the maturity days, plant height, tiller production, spike length, grains per spike, seed index, harvest index and grain yield ha^–1. However, the interactions of P levels and placement in all crop characters were non-significant except the grain yield/ha^–1. The results revealed that application of 90 kg P ha^–1 prolonged 143 days for maturity, taller plants (100.16 cm), more tiller plant^–1 (13.50), lengthy spikes (12.83 cm), more grains spike^–1 (51.33), heavier seed index (48.16 g), better harvest index (50.82%) and satisfactory grain yield (4240.50 Kg?ha^–1). The unit increase in grain yield was positively correlated with the increased values of observed crop parameters by extending the values of maturity r = 0.85, plant height r = 0.94, tillers plant r = 0.96, spike length r = 0.95, grains spik^–1 r = 0.97, seed index r = 0.95 and harvest index r = 0.97. It was concluded that 90 kg P ha^–1 was superior level of phosphorus if, applied with seed drilling for obtaining satisfactory grain yield of wheat crop.

Keywords

Wheat, Phosphorous, Broadcasting, Drilling, Yield

Received 13 December 2015; accepted 9 July 2016; published 12 July 2016

1. Introduction

Phosphorous (P) is the second essential plant nutrient required by plant in large quantity after Nitrogen (N) for growth [1] . Phosphorous is the primary constituent of plant and animal life. P always plays a vital role in several metabolic processes. It has structural function in macromolecules, metabolic pathways and degradation [2] . The required amount of P for wheat crop is more as compared to other crops [3] ; however, the recovery is as low as 15% - 20% of the applied P, while the remaining is fixed as insoluble P in soils matrix. Furthermore 0.1% out of the total P exists in a soluble form to available for plant and the fixations occurred as unreachable form to plant for growth [4] . Wheat is the most widely cultivated crop around the world and Pakistan is one of the important wheat producing countries in the world. Wheat responds well to fertilizer application with balance N:P ratio for increased wheat productivity [5] [6] .

Wheat is an energetic food commodity of Pakistan, because the demand is increased day by day with increasing population of the country. P fertilizers increase wheat yield with the increasing rates of phosphorus [7] . However the appropriate amount in balanced fertilization of wheat is not only for the enhancing of yield but also impact phosphorus uptake by plant [8] . Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations are higher as compared to other fertilizers for wheat production. Generally there are two methods for the application of P fertilizer, i.e., broadcast and band [9] . Many research revealed that application of phosphorus to wheat crop significantly increased the plant height, number of tillers plant⁻¹, straw and grain yield over control [2] [10] [11] . Moreover the improved growth of wheat depends on the source of phosphorus in soil and rate of application [12] [13] . Furthermore seed placement and side-banding of P fertilizer rates are equally efficient for grain yield increase [14] [15] .

In addition the banding application of phosphorous is appropriate for the improvement of plant height, shoots and roots in wheat [13] . Many researchers revealed that the efficiency of phosphorus through fertilization proved better than broadcast application [10] . However wheat yields improved with adequate amount of P fertilizer [16] - [18] . Moist condition of fine texture soil has less effect from high fertilizer rates in contact with seed and in dry condition coarse textured soils. The unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients are probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield [19] . The efficiency of applied nutrient’s can be improved by placement and synchronized application at growth stages [20] . Keeping in view the importance of P as an important nutrition for wheat, the present study was conducted.

2. Materials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted at student’s Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The purpose of experimental studies to analysis of different levels of P and their effect on different methods applications on the growth and yield of wheat. The seed of wheat variety Mehran-89 was obtained from wheat section Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam.

Research Design:

Experiment: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Plot size: 5 m × 3 m = 15 m²

Replications: Three (3)

Treatments: Eight (8)

Sowing methods: Broadcasting and Drilling

Factor A: Phosphorus levels (3)

P₁ = 0 Kg∙ha⁻¹ + Recommended Nitrogen

P₂ = 30 Kg∙ha⁻¹ + Recommended Nitrogen

P₃ = 60 Kg∙ha⁻¹ + Recommended Nitrogen

P₄ = 90 Kg∙ha⁻¹ + Recommended Nitrogen

Factor B: Placements (2)

A₁ = Drilling method

A₂ = Broadcast method

Land preparation: Land was prepared by giving two cross wise dry plowings with mould board plough followed by clod crushing and land leveling. Land was saturated when come in better condition and one plowing was given with rotary plough followed by leveling the active seed bed.

Sowing of seed: Crop was drilled at the depth of 3.4 cm apart and the distance between row to row 22.5 cm was maintained in all treatments.

Phosphorus placement methodology: Phosphorous are applied in two ways, Broadcast and Drilling, broadcast is the common practice and commonly used by farmers, in this way all phosphorus (fertilizer) was applied during land preparation and the recommended N fertilizer (Urea) was incorporated on the surface of the soil in three split applications of irrigations. However in drill application phosphorus was directly applied at the time of drilling of seed and nitrogen was applied on surface of soil in three split applications of irrigations.

Irrigation: After 20 days of sowing of seed 1^st irrigation was applied and subsequent irrigations were given as requirement of sap.

Weeding: After one month of germination of wheat, weeding & cultural practices were carried out.

Crop maturity and harvest: Crop was harvested when more than 90% of ear heads were revolutionize the color from green to yellow and declared the maturity of crop.

Plant height, spike length, number of grains spike⁻¹ & number of tiller plant⁻¹: Plant height, spike length, number of grains of spike⁻¹ and number of tiller plant⁻¹ was recorded at the time of harvesting & randomly five plants were selected from each treatment for plant height, spike length, number of grains spike⁻¹ & number of tiller plant⁻¹ and data were recorded.

Seed index and harvesting of seed: Seed index were calculated by weight of 1000 grains of wheat from each treatment, however harvest index were calculated by using the formula.

3. Statistical Analysis

All the analysis was performed in triplicate samples and the mean values are presented. The software SPSS version 13.0 for Windows was used for the statistical analysis. Data about the different P application treatments were checked by one-way ANOVA for the independent variable analysis.

4. Result & Discussion

Days to maturity: The statistical analysis of variance for (Table 1) days to maturity sowed that phosphorus levels and placements were significantly different; however, their interaction was non-significant at 5% probability level. The recorded data maximum days of maturity 142.33 in case of application of phosphorus through drilling method, whereas, the minimum days to maturity 140.66 were observed in case of P-broadcast. Application of P-fertilizer of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ taken more days 143.66 maturity of crop followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 141.66 days. 139.16 days recorded as the minimum days of maturity of crop in control. The interaction between placement and phosphorus levels revealed that phosphorus at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ through drilling method exhibited more maturity days 144.67 and minimum days 138.32 for maturity were found under broadcasting of 0 kg P ha⁻¹.

Plant height (cm): The analysis data of plant height of wheat in (Table 2) showed the analysis of variance of plant height was highly significant for phosphorus levels and placements and the interaction of P placement and P levels was non-significant. In case of height of plant drilling application of P plants were tall 95.75 cm, followed by broadcast P placement practice were recorded as 93.91 cm plant height.

The different level of P also effect on the height of plant, 90 kg P ha⁻¹ in recorded as the tall plants 100.10 cm, followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 94.50 cm moreover the dwarf 91.00 cm plants height was recorded in the control 0 kg P ha⁻¹, followed by 30 kg P ha⁻¹ application through broadcast.

The values of plant height through drilling application of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ were higher 101.33 cm, followed by broadcast of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ 99.00 cm, whereas the lower values for plant height 90.66 cm were observed under

(a) (b)

Table 1. Days to maturity of wheat under different phosphorus levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter arc not significantly different.

(a) (b)

Table 2. Plant height (cm) under different phosphorus levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter are not significantly different.

control 0 kg P ha⁻¹.

Number of tillers/plant: The statistical analysis of variance of number of tillers plant⁻¹ are affected on different level and placement of P (Table 3) showed the number of tillers plant⁻¹ was significantly different due to different P levels and placements; however, their interaction was non-significant. Experiential result explain the highest average numbers of tillers 11.41 per plant were observed in drilling application of P while, the lowest number of tillers plant 9.50 were found in P application by broadcast. However 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced maximum number of tillers plant⁻¹ 13.50, followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 11.83 and the minimum number of tillers plant⁻¹ 9.66 were 30 kg P ha⁻¹ followed by control 0 kg P ha⁻¹ 6.83. The application of drilling at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced maximum number of tillers plant⁻¹ 14.66 followed by drilling of 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 13.00 and the minimum numbers of tillers plant⁻¹ 6.66 were observed under control.

4.1. Spike Length (cm)

Analysis result of spike length and the analysis of variance illustrated in (Table 4). Analysis result illustrated

(a) (b)

Table 3. Tillers plant⁻¹ of wheat under different phosphorus levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter are not significantly different.

(a) (b)

Table 4. Spike length (cm) of wheat under different phosphorus levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter are not significantly different.

that the length of spike was significantly affected due to application of different phosphorus levels and placements and their interactions.

The maximum average spike length 11.16 cm was observed in application of drilling, while, minimum spike length 9.41 cm was found in broadcasting.

The P level of at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced significantly maximum spike length 12.83 cm, followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 11.33 cm and the minimum 7.33 cm spike length was exhibited in control.

The interaction between placement and phosphorus levels revealed that the drilling application at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced lengthy spikes 14.00 cm followed by drilling at the rate of 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 12.66 cm and the minimum spike length 7.33 cm was recorded in both the methods (Drilling & Broadcasting) of P applications.

4.2. Number of Grains Spike⁻¹

The statistical analysis of variance result of number of grains spike⁻¹ illustrated in (Table 5) the mean number of

(a) (b)

Table 5. Number of grains spike⁻¹ under different P levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter arc not significantly different.

grains per spike were significant, the maximum number of grains spike⁻¹ 45.50 were observed in P application by drilling and the minimum number of grains spike⁻¹ 42.75 were observed in application of P as broadcast. The nitrogen level at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced significantly maximum number of grains spike⁻¹ 51.33 followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 45.16 grains spike⁻¹ and the minimum grains spike⁻¹ 37.00 were recorded in control. The interaction between P placement and P doses showed that drilling methods of P at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced more grains spike⁻¹ 53.66, followed by broadcast at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ 49.00 grains spike⁻¹ and the lowest numbers of grains spike⁻¹ 36.66 were recorded in control.

4.3. Seed Index (1000 Grain Weight in Grains)

Analysis result of seed index are illustrated in (Table 6) the seed index affected significantly by the different phosphorus levels and placement and their interaction was non-significant. P placement illustrated the greater seed index 39.33 g was recorded in drilling method of application and the minimum seed index 37.33 g was recorded under broadcast application of P. P application at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced maximum seed index 48.16 g, followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 41.00 g and the minimum seed index 30.83 g, was recorded in control. The interaction between placement and phosphorus levels revealed the drilling application at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced higher seed index 49.33 g and the interaction illustrated lower seed index values 30.66 g in control.

4.4. Harvest Index

Analysis result of harvest index are illustrated (Table 7) the analysis of variance that the harvest index was non-significant affected due to application of different nitrogen levels placements and their interactions. The maximum values of harvest index were observed in drilling application of P as compared to broadcasting 50.91 and 50.78. Whereas P application at the rate of 90 kg∙ha⁻¹ showed better harvest index 50.82% followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 50.33% and the minimum 51.18% harvest index was recorded in control. The interaction of P placement and levels were non-significant and the drilling application of P at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ had higher harvest index 50.88% followed by broadcast at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ 50.77% and the minimum harvest index 51.11% was initiate in control.

4.5. Grain Yield (kg∙ha⁻¹)

The analysis results of grain yield ha⁻¹ of wheat are presented in (Table 8), results showed that the influence by phosphorus levels and placement, the statistical analysis of variance revealed the mean yield ha⁻¹ was significantly different. Phosphorus placement revealed the maximum wheat grain yield 3171.58 kg∙ha⁻¹ were recorded

(a) (b)

Table 6. Seed index (1000 grain weight g) of wheat under different phosphorus levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter are not significantly different.

(a) (b)

Table 7. Harvest index (%) of wheat under different P levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter are not significantly different.

in P application by drilling and the minimum grain yield 2808 kg∙ha⁻¹ were observed in P application by broadcast. However, nitrogen levels illustrated the application at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ produced significantly maximum wheat grain yield 4240.50 kg∙ha⁻¹, followed by 60 kg P ha⁻¹ 3213.66 kg∙ha⁻¹ and the minimum grain yield 1700.00 kg∙ha⁻¹ were recorded in control. The interaction between placement and phosphorus levels revealed that drilling application at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ significantly produced maximum grain yield 4532.33 kg∙ha⁻¹, followed by broadcast at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ 3948.66 kg∙ha⁻¹ and the minimum grain yield 1700 kg∙ha⁻¹ were recorded in control.

4.6. Relationship of Crop Parameters with Wheat Grain Yield

The analysis result illustrated in (Table 9) the positive association with grain yield of wheat crop, with correlation coefficient values of maturity of crop r = 0.85, plant height r = 0.94, tillers plant⁻¹ r = 0.96, spike length r = 0.95, grains spike⁻¹ r = 0.97, seed index r = 0.95 and harvest index r = 0.97.

(a) (b)

Table 8. Grain yield (kg∙ha⁻¹) of wheat under different P levels and application methods. Mean followed by common letter arc not significantly different.

Table 9. Co-relation coefficient values of various parameters under P levels and placements.

5. Discussion

Global transfers of food and nutrients, especially the transfer from the arable land into towns, mean that farmers have to rely increasingly on external sources of nutrients to replace those lost from their fields by selling the produce. The soil nutrient capital is not an inexhaustible resource and must be replenished according to the nutrient withdrawal. With the obligatory need for intensification of crop production, the demand of crops for readily available soil nutrient is increasing day by day. The analysis data illustrated the effect of phosphorus and its placement on the growth and yield of wheat. Broadly speaking, four different levels and two placements were employed and results of each component were compared. It was intensively observed the maturity days [21] and [22] , plant height and tiller production [7] , spike grains spike⁻¹ [23] , seed index, harvest index and grain yield hectare⁻¹ [22] significantly and obtained maximum yield at the rate of 90 kg P ha⁻¹ by drill application. The extent of relationship of various crop parameters also showed the positive association with grain yield of the crop and result supported by [24] , reported that the deep placement of N and P fertilizers could improve the crop by producing tiller plants⁻¹, length of spikes, grain & straw yields [25] - [27] ; however in some other findings [28] - [30] revealed in banding application of fertilizer increased the number of grains spike⁻¹. The combination and application of NP nutrients as deep placement significantly produced higher grain yield of wheat crop [31] - [33] .

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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