Feasibility and Acceptability of Long-Staying Healthcare Service Facilities in Developing Areas

Hajime Eto^1*, Pimonwan Mahujchariyawong²

¹University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
²Kasikorn Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.

DOI: 10.4236/jss.2015.311026                

Abstract

This paper proposes to construct long-staying healthcare service facilities in developing areas for the purposes to serve the local people and the visiting people from the distant areas including developed areas or foreign countries. This is a new business model of half-public and half-private character to complement the insufficiencies of and to fill the gaps between the governmental medical aid from developed countries to developing countries and the medical tourism from developed areas to developing areas or verse versa mainly at individual levels. Using a set of conceptual methods like need analysis, obstacle analysis, conflict analysis and complementarity analysis, this paper examines the merits and the problems of the proposed third type (eclectic) system to health- care service providers, service users, the host areas and the local communities.

Keywords

Elderlies, Healthcare Service, Hospice, Hospitality, International Medical Aid, Medical Tourism, Need Analysis, New Business Model, Nursing Home, Obstacle Analysis, Wearable Medical Apparatus

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Olsen, J.A. (2009) Principles in Health Economics and Policy: Distributing Health Care. Oxford University Press, Oxford. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237814.001.0001
[2]	Zweifel, P. and Breyer, F. (1997) Health Economics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[3]	Beckford, J.A. (2015) Migration and Religion. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
[4]	Widdows, H. and Marway, H. (2015) A Global Public Goods Approach to the Health of Migrants. Public Health Ethics, 8, 121-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phv013
[5]	Higgs, P. and Gilleard, C. (2015) Rethinking Old Age: Theorising the Fourth Age. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
[6]	Galla, F. and Legros, D. (2004) Complementarities between Obstacles to Innovation: Evidence from France. Research Policy, 33, 1185-1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.06.004
[7]	Eto, H. (2005) Obstacles to Emergence of High/New Technology Parks, Ventures and Clusters in Japan. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72, 359-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2004.08.008
[8]	Grieves, J., McMillan, J. and Wilding, Ph. (2006) Barriers to Learning: Conflicts That Occur between and within Organizational Systems. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 3, 86-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2006.009212
[9]	Arantes-Oliveira, N. (2007) A Case Study on Obstacles to the Growth of Biotechnology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74, 61-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.03.003
[10]	Ayalon, L. and Green, O. (2015) International Homecare, Live-In versus Live-Out Home Care in Israel: Satisfaction with Services and Caregivers’ Outcomes. Gerontologists, 55, 628-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt122
[11]	Broom, A. (2015) Dying: A Social Perspective on the End of Life. Ashgate, Surrey.
[12]	Blaise, S. (2009) Japanese Aid as a Prerequisite for FDI: The Case of Southeast Asian Countries. ASIA Pacific Economic Papers, No. 385.
[13]	Banerrjee, S., Sankar, N., Dey, N. and Eto, H. (2015) Global Medical Tourism: A Review. In: Eto, H., Ed., New Business Opportunities in the Growing E-Tourism Industry, Chap. 7, IGI Global, Hershey, 114-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8577-2.ch007
[14]	Datta, H.S., Mitra, S.K., Paramesh, R. and Patwardhian, B. (2011) Theories and Management of Aging: Modern and Ayurveda Perspectives. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, Article ID: 528527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep005
[15]	Erichsen, N.-B. and Buessing, A. (2013) Spiritual Needs of Elderly Living in Residential/Nursin Homes. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, Article ID: 913247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/913247
[16]	Eto, H. (2015) From Amusement and Entertainment Tourism to Balneotherapy and Health Promotion Tourism: With the Aid of Medical Electronics and Communication Networks in Hot Spring Sites. In: Eto, H., Ed., New Business Opportunities in the Growing E-Tourism Industry, Chap. 11, IGI Global, Hershey, 220-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8577-2.ch011
[17]	Carr, D. (2011) Racial Differences in End-of-Life Planning: Why Don’t Blacks and Latinos Prepare for the Inevitable? Omega—Journal of Death & Dying, 63, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/OM.63.1.a
[18]	Liu, I.-C. and Chen, C.-C. (2015) Empirical Analysis on the Medical Tourism Policy in Taiwan. In: Eto, H., Ed., New Business Opportunities in the Growing E-Tourism Industry, Chap. 8, IGI Global, Hershey, 132-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8577-2.ch008
[19]	Banerjee, S., Nath, S.S., Dey, N. and Eto, H. (2015) Global Medical Tourism: A Review. In: Eto, H., Ed., New Business Opportunities in the Growing E-Tourism Industry, Chap. 7, IGI Global, Hershey, 114-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8577-2.ch007
[20]	Eto, H. (2015) Preface. In: Eto, H., Ed., New Business Opportunities in the Growing E-Tourism Industry, IGI Global, Hershey.
[21]	Sian, L.T., Subramonian, H., Tung, L., San, W.H., Hui, K.H.K. and Kulampalil, T.T. (2009) TQOUI: Fundamentals of Hospitality and Tourism Management. Open University Malaysia, Malaysia.
[22]	Castle, N.G. and Ferguson-Rome, J.C. (2015) Influencing of Nurse Absenteeism on Nursing Home Quality. Gerontologist, 55, 605-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt167
[23]	Harrison, R., Cohen, W.S. and Walton, M. (2015) Patient Safety and Quality of Care in Developing Countries in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27, 240-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv041
[24]	Syed-Abdul, S., Iqbal, U. and Li, Y.-C. (2015) Healthcare Quality and Safety in Developing Countries. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27, 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv047
[25]	Mosley, P. (2015) International Aid: Global Institutions. Routledge, London.
[26]	JICA (2014) Japan International Cooperation Agency Annual Report. JICA, Tokyo.
[27]	Katono, Y. (2014) Thailand-Japan Exchange and Cooperation in Regard to Care and Medical Treatment of the Aged. Longstay Committee of Japan-Thailand Business Forum (JTBF). http://www.jtbf.info/care_of_aged.html
[28]	Irigaki, H. (2014) JICA’s Cooperation to ASEAN and Thailand: Its Achievement and Challenges. Presented at Japan’s ODA—60th Anniversary Seminar, 24 November 2014.
[29]	Erichsen, N.B. and Buessing, A. (2013) Spiritual Needs of Elderly Living in Residential/Nursing Homes. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, Article ID: 913247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/913247
[30]	Johnson, K.S., Kuchibhatla, M. and Tursky, J.A. (2008) What Explains Racial Differences in the Use of Advance Directives and Attitudes toward Hospice Care? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 1953-1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01919.x
[31]	Kwak, J. and Haley, W.E. (2005) Current Research Findings on End-of-Life Decision Making among Racially or Ethnically Diverse Groups. The Gerontologist, 45, 634-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.5.634
[32]	Mitchell, C.B. and Whitehead, M.K. (1993) A Time to Live, a Time to Die: Advance Directives and Living Wills. Ethics & Medicine, 9, 2-5.
[33]	Yan, Z. (2011) Patient Satisfaction in Two Chinese Provinces; Rural and Urban Differences. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23, 384-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzr034
[34]	Cook, S.L. (2015) Redirection: An Expansion of Career during Retirement. Gerontologists, 55, 360-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt105
[35]	Gonzales, E., Matz-Costa, C. and Morrow-Howell, N. (2015) Increasing Opportunities for the Productive Engagement of Older Adults: A Response to Population Aging. Gerontologist, 55, 252-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu176
[36]	Jolliffe, L. (2014) Spices and Tourism: Destinations, Attractions and Cuisines, Tourism and Cultural Change. Channel View Books, Bristol.
[37]	Zhou, J. and Salvendy, G. (Eds.) (2015) Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Design for Aging. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, ITAP 2015, Los Angels, 2-7 August 2015.
[38]	Greenfield, E.A., Oberlink, M., Scharlach, A.E., Neal, M.B. and Stafford, P.B. (2015) Age-Friendly Community Initiatives: Conceptual Issues and Key Questions. Gerontologist, 55, 191-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv005
[39]	The Tourism Authority of Thailand: TAT (2014) Longstay Market Strategies: More Understanding of Culture and Way of Life of Target Customers. TAT Review Magazine, 3, 12-19. (In Thai)
[40]	Parkes, C.M., Laungani, P. and Young, W. (Eds.) (2015) Death and Bereavement across Cultures. Routledge, London.
[41]	Barash, D.P. (2014) Buddhist Biology: Ancient Eastern Wisdom Meets Modern Western Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford.