Haemorrhoidal Disease in Cotonou: Epidemiological, Clinical and Anuscopic Aspects ()
1. Introduction
Haemorrhoidal disease is the disorder most frequently encountered in proctology [1] . It means all conditions resulting from the progressive expansion or rupture of haemorrhoidal venous plexus. Its pathophysiology remains incompletely elucidated and its preventive and curative treatment is not entirely satisfactory in all patients [2] . Its pathogenesis is very complex, involving many factors. Multiple triggers usually mechanical, inflammatory or metabolic are distinguished. Among the contributing factors and apart from heredity, we have some aggravating conditions. These are sedentary lifestyle, disorders of transit type like diarrhoea or constipation, consumption of spices or alcohol, prolonged sitting and standing stations and pregnancy [3] -[6] . While remained untreated, it can progress to complications (haemorrhoidal thrombosis, haemorrhoidal prolapsis).
The medical treatment is the first-line one when uncomplicated haemorrhoids are occurring (bleeding and/or prolapsis). The epidemiology of haemorrhoidal disease is relatively well documented in developed countries where it appears to be the most common disease of the terminal bowel [7] [8] . In Benin, a retrospective study conducted in 2010 showed that 8.7 cases of haemorrhoidal diseases were admitted annually in visceral surgery consultation [9] . The scarcity of scholar work and especially the absence of our data, a prevalence study of this disease in our country, has led us to undertake this study which objective was to determine the epidemiological, clinical and anuscopic haemorrhoidal disease in Cotonou.
2. Methods
This was a cross sectional, descriptive and prospective study covering a three-month period from 06 January 2014 to 10 April 2014. It involved patients seen in gastroenterology consultation in internal medicine of the National Teaching Hospital of Cotonou and in the digestive diseases Unit of the Hospital of Menontin.
The study included patients admitted in consultation for hepato-gastroenterology of the above-mentioned centers. Were included all patients seen in consultation for hepato-gastroenterology during this study period, aged 18 or older (adult subjects) and who have given their consent to participate in this study.
The number of patients included and calculated with the Schwartz was 177 patients. But in total we selected 182 patients. Each patient underwent a clinical and proctology examination by hepato-gastroenterologists. Data were coded and stored by using EPI DATA. The data analysis was made by EPI DATA.
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
Of the 182 subjects surveyed those aged 38 - 48 were the most represented with a proportion of 24.7%. The average age was 43 years with extremes of 18 and 85 years.
The proportion of female patients was equal to that of males, a sex ratio of 1.
3.2. Epidemiological Aspects of Haemorrhoidal Disease
Of the 182 patients, 57 had haemorrhoidal disease with a prevalence of 31.3%.
Of the 57 identified cases of haemorrhoidal disease, we recorded 50 cases of internal haemorrhoidal disease, a proportion of 87.7%; 5 cases of external haemorrhoidal disease, 8.8% and 2 cases of mixed haemorrhoid disease (An association of internal and external haemorrhoid), of 3.5%.
Of the 57 sick patients, there were 30 men, a slight male predominance with a proportion of 52.6% and a sex ratio of 1.1. Subjects aged 38 - 48 years were more represented, with a proportion of 28.1%; the average age of patients was 43 years. Of the 57 subjects with haemorrhoidal disease, 38 patients (66.7%) spent more time in sitting position (more than half of the day). The workers (civil servants, traders and workers) were the majority (75.4%).
3.3. Clinical Aspects
As medical history, 24.6% of these patients with haemorrhoidal disease were hypertensive. Diabetes, gastric or duodenal ulcer, hepatitis B and hemoglobinopathies SS were each represented in the same proportion of 1.8%. A family history of haemorrhoidal disease was found in 40.4% of these patients.
Of the 27 women, two (02) 7.4% had submitted their first haemorrhoidal crisis during pregnancy and four (04) cases, 14.8% had presented their first haemorrhoidal crisis in childbirth.
Chronic constipation was observed in 68.4% of patients. Table 1 shows the distribution of subjects according to the occurrence circumstances of haemorrhoidal disease.
Of the 57 ill patients, 31 were complaining of rectal bleeding, a proportion of 54.4%. Table 2 shows the distribution of patients according anal manifestations (functional symptoms). 37 had reported two or more functional combination signs, a proportion of 64.9%.
The mean duration of disease was 15 months with extremes of 00 months and 660 months (55 years).
Among the 57 sick patients, 40 had a sawgrass on physical examination, a proportion of 70.2%. Thrombosed external haemorrhoids were 2 patients (3.5%). We noted a haemorrhoidal disease and anal fissure association in five (05) of our patients, a proportion of 8.8%.
3.4. Anuscopic Aspect of Haemorrhoidal Disease
Of the 52 cases of internal and mixed haemorrhoid disease (50 cases of internal haemorrhoidal disease and 2 cases of mixed haemorrhoidal disease), 34 patients were in stage 2 of the haemorrhoidal disease, a proportion of 65.4%. Figure 1 shows the distribution of sick patients according to the stage of internal haemorrhoidal disease.
In our study, two (02) cases of polyp of the anal tube were identified, a proportion of 1.10% of the study population.
4. Discussion
In our study, the prevalence of the haemorrhoidal disease was 31.3%. This prevalence is above that obtained in Cameroon by Kob Ye Same D. [7] , of 10.7%. On the contrary, it is less than that obtained in Ivory Coast (73%) by Assi C et al. [10] . The difference between our results and those of these authors could be explained by the differences in patients recruitment method in these studies.
Among the two types of haemorrhoidal disease, the internal was the most dominant in our study with a proportion of 87.7%. This value is similar to that of N’dri N. et al. [11] (84.5%) in Ivory Coast, but significantly exceeds those obtained by Sangare Mali D. [12] (18.27%) and M.L. Dicko [13] (21.4%). It is clear from these studies that the internal haemorrhoidal disease is the most common form of the haemorrhoids. This observation
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Table 1. Distribution of patients according to the occurrence circumstances of haemorrhoidal disease.
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Table 2. Distribution of subjects according anal ailing events.
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Figure 1. Distribution of patients according to the stage of haemorrhoidal disease.
was also made by Klotz et al. [14] in Gabon.
Our study revealed a male predominance (52.6%) with a sex ratio of 1.10; what had been reported in studies conducted in Mali by Ele, N. et al. [15] (sex ratio: 1.8) and Pigot, F. et al. [16] (sex ratio: 1.10). This male ratio was even more remarkable in other studies, such as those of: Houézé R.G.C. [17] in Benin in 2006 (sex ratio: 2.5); Gnakadja, N.G. [9] in Benin in 2010 (sex ratio: 2.6); Dicko, M.L. [13] in Mali in 2007 (sex ratio: 2.94). On the contrary, G. d’Agostino et al. [18] in Italy in 2000, Slawik, S. et al. [19] in England in 2007 had found a female predominance with a sex ratio respectively of 0.8 and 0.6. This male predominance noted in Africa and noted in our study could be due to socio-cultural factors, customs and decency facing the female making the difficult proctology consultations especially by male doctors.
The average age of our patients was 43 years with extremes of 18 and 88 years. The average age is identical to that obtained by Hrora, A. et al. [20] in 2002 in Morocco. In general, it is quite close to the literature: Lohsiriwat Lohsiriwat D. and V. [21] : 44.4; Gnakadja NG [9] . In Benin 40.5 years; Sangare D. [12] in Mali: 40.9 ans.
The isolated rectal bleeding was the most dominant symptom (31 cases, 54.4%), followed by anal pain (17 cases, 29.8%). This result meshed very well with the literature which reported a prevalence of rectal bleeding in the symptoms of haemorrhoidal disease: Pigot et al. [16] (56%) and Sangare D. [12] (75.3%).
But this result was much lower than those found by Pravin J et al. [22] (96%) and Habr-Gama A et al. [23] (93.2%). For Jean et al. [24] the frequency of rectal bleeding increases with size haemorrhoidal packages. On the contrary, for authors such as: Gnakadja, N.G. [9] Houezé, R.G.C. [17] M.L. Dicko, [13] and G. Diallo, et al. [25] , anal pain is the most dominant symptoms with proportions respectively 79.6%, 75.3%, 77.3% and 85.5%.
Among the 27 women in our series, two (02), 7.4% had presented their first haemorrhoidal crisis during pregnancy and four (04) 14.8% had presented their first haemorrhoidal crisis after childbirth. Pregnancy and childbirth are thus factors of first haemorrhoidal crisis in 22.2% of our patients. Our results were slightly higher than that of Gnakadja, N.G. [9] who found 8.3% and 4.2% of patients with haemorrhoidal crisis made in their first postpartum respectively and during pregnancy.
Abramowitz et al. [26] in France had reported that 7.9% of women in their series had presented a haemorrhoidal thrombosis during pregnancy and 20% had presented it during the postpartum period. Furthermore, Ansara D et al. [27] in Canada had stated in their study by reporting vaginal-assisted births increased the risk of haemorrhoidal disease while in the caesarean decreased. This could be explained by the increase in intra-abdo- minal pressure during vaginal deliveries.
In our study, we observed an association of haemorrhoidal disease and anal fissure in five (05) of our patients, a proportion of 8.8%. This same observation was made by Assi, C., et al. [10] (17 cas, or 23.3%). Gnakadja, N.G. [9] and Sotoudehmanesh, R., et al. in 2007 [28] in their series (100 and 87 patients respectively), had made the same remark with respective frequencies of 28.7% and 26.9% which was significantly higher than that we got. This difference in proportion noted, would be due to the smaller size of our sample. This association is a real problem in patients who have the fear of an upcoming defecation and therefore delay the act, thus encouraging faecal stasis and constipation [29] .
Pure internal haemorrhoidal disease was the most dominant with a proportion of 87.7% (50 patients). The association internal-external haemorrhoidal disease was found in 2 patients. Thirty-four (34) of these patients were in stage 2 of the internal, meaning a proportion of 65.4%. This result is comparable to that found by Kob Ye Same D. [7] (42.2%) by D. Sangare [12] in his series, had obtained a predominance of stage I (51.7%), while in their studies Pigot, F. et al. [16] , Dicko, M.L. [13] and Dembélé K.S. [6] stages 3 and 4 were the most observed in 94% respectively; 62.7% and 97.5% of cases. These differences may be rooted in the method of recruitment and the type of service where the study was conducted (medicine and surgery).
5. Conclusion
Haemorrhoidal disease is relatively common in our study (31.3%). The symptoms were dominated by rectal bleeding. Internal haemorrhoids were the most common type (87.7%) with usually a haemorrhoid prolepsis, stage 2 (65.4%). It must therefore be systematically sought in consultation because of underreporting.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.