Revisiting the Classics to Recover the Physical Sense in Electrical Noise

Jose-Ignacio Izpura

.

DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2011.26055                

Abstract

This paper shows a physically cogent model for electrical noise in resistors that has been obtained from Thermodynamical reasons. This new model derived from the works of Johnson and Nyquist also agrees with the Quantum model for noisy systems handled by Callen and Welton in 1951, thus unifying these two Physical viewpoints. This new model is a Complex or 2-D noise model based on an Admittance that considers both Fluctuation and Dissipation of electrical energy to excel the Real or 1-D model in use that only considers Dissipation. By the two orthogonal currents linked with a common voltage noise by an Admittance function, the new model is shown in frequency domain. Its use in time domain allows to see the pitfall behind a paradox of Statistical Mechanics about systems considered as energy-conserving and deterministic on the microscale that are dissipative and unpredictable on the macroscale and also shows how to use properly the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem.

Keywords

Quantum-Compliant, Noise Model, Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, Cause-Effect, Action-Reaction

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	G. Gomila, C. Pennetta, L Reggiani, M. Sampietro, G. Ferrari and G. Bertuccio, “Shot noise in linear macroscopic resistors,” Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 92, 2004, pp. 226601-4.
[2]	H. B. Callen and T. A. Welton, “Irreversibility and Generalized Noise,” Phys. Rev. Vol. 83, 1951, pp. 34-40.
[3]	P. Grassia, “Dissipation, fluctuations, and conservation laws,” Am. J. Phys., Vol. 69, 2001, pp. 113-119.
[4]	J. I. Izpura, “1/f electrical noise in planar resistors: the joint effect of a backgating noise and an instrumental disturbance,” IEEE Trans Instrum. Meas., Vol. 57, No. 3, 2008, pp. 509-517.
[5]	J. I. Izpura, “On the electrical origin of flicker noise in vacuum devices,” IEEE Trans Instrum. Meas., Vol. 58, No. 10, 2009, pp. 3592-3601.
[6]	J. B. Johnson, “Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors,” Phys. Rev., Vol. 32, 1928, pp. 97-109.
[7]	H. Nyquist, “Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductor,” Phys. Rev., Vol. 32, 1928, pp. 110-113.
[8]	D. A. Bell, “Noise and the Solid State,” Pentech Press, London, 1985.
[9]	J. I. Izpura and J. Malo, “A Fluctuation-Dissipation model for electrical noise,” (Accepted in Circuits and Systems) (2011)
[10]	T. Miyashita, “Quantum Physics can be understood in terms of Classical Thermodynamics,” Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 2, 2011, pp. 26-29.