Epidemiology and Sequelae of Workplace Hand Injuries at a Tertiary Trauma Care Centre ()
1. Introduction
The very hand that gives a manual worker his livelihood can be a cause of physical and psychosocial misery if it gets injured. The economic, social and physical impact of the disability that arises out of workplace hand injuries is tremendous. We are reporting an epidemiologic study of the hand injury, the worker and the industry in a series of 419 cases from January 2008 to January 2013 that were treated at our Trauma centre which is a tertiary care centre for hand injuries [1] [2] . The best way to evolve primary and secondary preventive strategies is to thoroughly study the epidemiological characteristics of hand injuries. The study of personal details helps in identifying the socio-economic character and impact of the affected group. The study of machinery and instrumentation involved in the accident and its comparison with type of injury and final hand function helps us recognize patterns and evolve reconstructive and rehabilitative strategies. An insight into what were the possible causative factors can help the industry to evolve preventive strategies. The time and day of week when maximum injuries occur reflects a pattern which can help industries to introspect and change work habits and culture. From the hand surgeon’s point of view, the correlation between timing of surgery, type of injury, quality of repair and residual disability can help improvise reconstructive and rehabilitative strategies.
2. Methods
The period from January 2008 to September 2008 was a retrospective study of 80 cases. The rest of 339 cases were based on a prospective study from September 2008-January 2013. A proforma prepared for work place hand injuries was filled by the hand surgeon and the physiotherapist (Appendix 1). Another questionnaire was duly filled by a responsible authority or safety officer of the industry where the incident had taken place (Appendix 2). The injured were received in the Emergency room and given first aid, x-rays of the injured part & amputated part of patient were taken. In case of major injuries such as elbow, arm or forearm crush with vascular injuries priority was given to resuscitate the patient. The type of surgeries ranged from simple skin suturing to skin grafting, local and distant flap cover, tendon and nerve repair with or without reconstruction, vascular repair and reimplantation. For complex crushed digits which could not be revascularised or reconstructed, a primary shortening and closure is considered. All injuries were classified as major and minor. Post operatively protocol based physiotherapy was started from the first day which includes mobilization of unaffected joints, intrinsic, and extensor strengthening, flexor strengthening according to the case specific therapy for tendon repair, fractures, nerve repair such as Kleinerts’ traction, electrical stimulation, wax therapy and ultrasonic therapy was done. At the end of 3 months, the return to daily activities and professional activities are addressed and the number of working days lost, residual disability and deformity are measured.
3. Discussion
Hand injuries are among the most frequent injuries worldwide, constituting between 6.65% to 28.6% of all injuries and 28% of injuries to the musculoskeletal system [3] . These occur at workplace, home and in road traffic accidents. Our study evaluates the characteristics of occupational hand injuries and associated factors. Workplace hand injuries form nearly 80% of hand injuries received at our trauma centre as compared to 70% reported in a Turkish study group, 60% in Denmark and 31% in Kenya [4] . Based on the personal data in our series, 62% were male workers and 54% were in the age group of 16 - 25 years. 65% were in the low income group (annual income less than INR 72,000) and only 8% were self employed (Table 1). In comparison the ratio of male subjects is reported as 76% in the US, 69% in the UK, 59% in Denmark and 83% in Turkey. In Netherland and Denmark, hand injuries peak in the age group 10 - 14 years, 44% in 10 - 19 years in Canada, 35% (under 15 years) in Turkey [5] -[8] . 65% of the victims of industrial injuries in our study were literate (10 years in school and 3 years diploma) in comparison to 41% in the Turkish study [9] -[11] . In our study 91% were right hand dominant and 42.5% had only right hand injury, 40% had bilateral hand injury and 17.5% had left hand injury [12] . In comparison, 48.5% of dominant hand injury and 51.5% of non-dominant hand injury has been reported in a study based in Kenya [13] . In our study, mode of injury was found to be crush (33%), cut/slicing (23%) and combination (38%) (Table 2). Hydraulic machines were involved in 25%, while cutting and grinding were 29%, 18% respectively (Table 3). In comparison in the Hongkong based study, cut injuries formed the highest group followed by power press machine injury [14] . In our study index finger was most commonly injured single finger at 17.5% with 32% of patients having multiple finger injuries (Table 4). The terminal phalanx is most commonly injured bone in hand at 13% (Table 5). Maximum injuries occurred on Monday and morning
shift (Table 6, Table 7).
Table 8 shows the commonly performed procedures for hand injury with 19.7% of patients having undergone simple suturing, 7.8% of tendon repair, fracture fixation is 18%, reconstruction is 6%, skin grafting is 11.8%, and 17.8% of underwent shortening and closure. In our study the most probable contributing factor to injury was co-workers carelessness found to be 24.8% (Table 9) followed by use of suboptimal protection gears while in a comparative study 45% reported overtime as a contributing factor. Nearly 85% of patients underwent safety training (Table 10) for an average of 3 months at their workplace before being inducted into service & nearly 43% of the patients had a job experience of less than 6 months duration (Table 11). The Hong Kong based study reports 58% with work experience less than 1 year. In the Hongkong based study, 61% of workers were briefed about their jobs and 90% of them were satisfied with machine design. Table 12 shows the disability in return to daily activities and professional activities at 3 months and their relation to the time lapse between injury and treatment (Table 13).
4. Conclusions
Work place hand injuries constitute a significant group of injuries received at our centre. They have a three pronged effect on the individual and society—physical, psychosocial and economical. The effects are so profound and long lasting that serious thinking need be done for preventive strategies and disability reduction. Based on our survey, adequate safety training before induction along with regular safety drills and education can make a significant contribution to reduction in hand injuries. Periodic screening for medical and psychological disorders and counseling also helps.
Higher occurrence of injury in the 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. shift is an indicator of haste and anxiety being additional
Table 9. Possible causative & contributing factors.
Table 12. Disability and deofrmity at 3 months.
Table 13. Relation of treatment time and final outcome.
factors in causing injury. We suggest holding morning assembly, prayer sessions or yoga sessions before a worker enters his workplace to avoid such injuries. In case of occurrence of injury appropriate first aid, shifting to hand injury centers within the first few hours can significantly decreases the disability occurring due to hand injuries. Hand injury centers should be equipped with operating microscope and instruments with round the clock availability of hand surgeons and a dedicated physiotherapy and rehabilitation team. Physiotherapy must be systematic and constantly supervised by the hand surgeon with application of multi modality approach. From the industry point of view adequate breaks, recreation facilities, counseling team should be provided [15] . On occurrence of injury appropriate first aid, transport, emotional support, adequate rehabilitation and compensation go a long way in gaining confidence of workers.
SPECIAL AIDS: ________________________________________
ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING: ________________________________________
RESIDUAL PROBLEMS & DISABILITY (AFTER 2 MONTHS): ______________
NO. OF WORKING DAYS LOST: ________________________________________
SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS: ________________________________________
Appendix 2: Questionnaire on Industrial Health
1) What is the capacity (strength) of workers in a batch/unit? 80 TO 2500 2) Usual working hours per day in a shift? 8 HOURS 3) Maximum how many days a week does a worker work without a break? 6 DAYS 4) How many hours of overtime are allotted at a stretch? HALF HOUR TO FOUR HOURS 5) Are there any shifts? Please specify MORN, AFTERNOON AND NIGHT 8 HRLY If yes, how often are the shifts changed?
6) a) Is there any pre placement screening conducted? YES—96% NO—4% b) What factors are included in screening? MEDICAL, BLOOD TESTS c) Who conducts the screening? DOCTOR—87% NURSE— 9% SAFETY OFFICER—4% 7) Are health checkups conducted? How often? MONTHLY TO YEARLY 8) Does every newly appointed worker undergo a formal training programme? YES—100% 9) How long is the training period? 3 - 6 MONTHS 10) Are they taught about safety measures & work place ergonomics? YES—89% NO—11% 11) Is basic first aid & emergency care also included in the training programme? YES—64% NO—36% 12) Do trainees get health insurance? YES—36% NO—64% 13) What measures are taken to check the safe working?
(E.g.: Do you have supervisors or mechanical safety devices or follow strict ALL 50% FEW 43% NONE 7% rules at work and penalize the careless workers etc.)
14) How often is a worker allowed to take a break in a day? For how long? AVERAGE THREE BREAKS TOTAL 1 HOUR 15) What measures are taken to improve their working morale?
● Is there a psychological Counsellor? YES—13% NO—87%
● Are any recreational activities like games/competitions/prayers/picnics/ festival celebrations etc conducted? YES—67% NO—33% 16) No of incidences of industrial accidents reported last year? NONE TO 80/YEAR 17) Approximate cost of amount spend on their compensation annually? 40,000INR TO 15 LAKHS 18) What alternatives are provided for a worker who suffers permanent disability (E.g. annual compensations/ change of role/none)
ALL 66% FEW 29% NONE 5%
NOTES
*Corresponding author.