Spatial Variations of Particle-Bound Trace Metals in Ambient Air of Selected Niger Delta Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

Godson R. E. E. Ana, Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, Jerome Nriagu

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.412172                

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the spatial variation of particle-bound heavy metals in two communities with different industrial status in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Area. Fourteen ambient respirable particulate matter (PM₁₀) samples 7 each from Eleme (highly industrialized) and Ahoada East (less industrialized) communities were collected according to standard methods using Anderson High volume sampler. Samples were analyzed for trace metals including Fe, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Man Whitney U test and Spearman Rank Correlation all at P < 0.05. PM₁₀ levels were 1.83 times higher at Eleme than Ahoada East (P < 0.05) and all the values were higher than both the USEPA and WHO limits. At Eleme spatial variation of PM₁₀ was in the following order: APE5 > APE3 > APE7 > APE1 > APE4 > APE6 > APE2. Fe, Zn and Cd were higher at Eleme than Ahoada East and the EC/WHO values. Pb was poorly correlated with PM₁₀ (r² = 0.0819, P > 0.05) at Eleme. Communities with higher industrial presence in the Niger Delta are more exposed to particulate burden. Routine monitoring and strict adherence to regulatory limits must be enforced.

Keywords

Industrial Pollution; Particulate Matter; Trace Metals; Spatial Variation; Niger Delta Communities

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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