Arsenic Speciation Analysis by Ion Chromatography - A Critical Review of Principles and Applications
Adrian A. Ammann
.
DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.21004   PDF    HTML     13,019 Downloads   29,310 Views   Citations

Abstract

Multiple acute and chronic toxicity of arsenic species and its mobilisation from geological deposits into ground and drinking water resources is one of the greatest threats to human health. Arsenic speciation analy-sis, mostly done by liquid chromatography, is a challenging task which requires an intense high quality work with respect to extraction, preservation, separation, detection and validation. A growing number of As-spe-cies and low regulatory limits (10 μg/L) may require more than one speciation method preferably performed by species specific procedures and detectors. Beside As-fractionation for special application there are many selective speciation methods based on high performance separation techniques like capillary electrophoreses, gas and liquid chromatography. Both, fractionation and speciation methods are reviewed. However, the focus is on scopes and limits of ion chromatographic separations, the most frequently used methods. Based on IC-principles the methods applied are critically discussed and recommendations given which should result in more robust and reliable As-speciation.

Share and Cite:

A. Ammann, "Arsenic Speciation Analysis by Ion Chromatography - A Critical Review of Principles and Applications," American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2011, pp. 27-45. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2011.21004.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] B. K. Mandal and K. T. Suzuki, “Arsenic Round the World: A Review,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 201-235. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00268-0
[2] A. M. Florea, E. Dopp, G. Obe and A. W. Rettenmeier, “Genotoxicity of Organometallic Species,” In: A. V. Hirner and H. Emons, Eds., Organic Metal and Metalloid Species in the Environment, Springer, Berlin, 2004, pp. 205-215.
[3] A. Hartwig, T. Schwerdtle and I. Walter, “Current Aspects on the Genotoxicity of Arsenite and Its Methylated Metabolites: Oxidative Stress and Interaction with the Cellular Response to DNA Damage,” In: A. V. Hirner and H. Emons, Eds., Organic Metal and Metalloid Species in the Environment, Springer, Berlin, 2004, pp. 217-234.
[4] A. Vahidnia, G. B. Van der Voet and F. A. de Wolf, “Arsenic Neurotoxicity - A Review,” Human & Experimental Toxicology, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2007, pp. 823-832. doi:10.1177/0960327107084539
[5] P. L. Smedley and D. G. Kinniburgh, “A Review of the Source, Behaviour and Distribution of Arsenic in Natural Waters,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2002, pp. 517-568. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
[6] D. Chakraborti, B. Das, M. M. Rahman, U. K. Chowdhury, B. Biswas, A. B. Goswami, et al., “Status of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the State of West Bengal, India: A 20-Year Study Report,” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2009, pp. 542-551. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700517
[7] N. Nahar, “Causes and Distribution of Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Literature,” Water Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2009, pp. 362-378. doi:10.2166/wp.2009.045
[8] J. A. Plant, D. G. Kinniburgh, P. L. Smedley, F. M. Fordyce and B. A. Klinck, “Arsenic and Selenium,” In: S. B. Lollar, Ed., Environmental Geochemistry, Elsevier-Pergamon, Treatise on Geochemistry, Oxford, 2005, pp. 17-50.
[9] M. Berg, H. C. Tran, T. C. Nguyen, H. V. Pham, R. Schertenleib and W. Giger, “Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater and Drinking Water in Vietnam: A Human Health Threat,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35, 2001, pp. 2621-2626. doi:10.1021/es010027y
[10] J. Buschmann, M. Berg, C. Stengel, L. Winkel, M. L. Sampson, P. T. K. Trang, et al., “Contamination of Drinking Water Resources in the Mekong Delta Floodplains: Arsenic and Other Trace Metals Pose Serious Health Risks to Population,” Environment International, Vol. 34, No. 6, 2008, pp. 756-764. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.025
[11] J. Buschmann, M. Berg, C. Stengel and M. L. Sampson, “Arsenic and Manganese Contamination of Drinking Water Resources in Cambodia: Coincidence of Risk Areas with Low Relief Topography,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2007, pp. 2146-2152. doi:10.1021/es062056k
[12] D. Chakraborti, M. M. Rahman, K. Paul, U. K. Chowdhury, M. K. Sengupta, D. Lodh, et al., “Arsenic Calamity in the Indian Subcontinent: What Lessons Have Been Learned?” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 3-22. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00270-9
[13] J. Feldmann, S. Devalla, A. Raab and H. R. Hansen, “Analytical Strategies for Arsenic Speciation in Environmental and Biological Samples,” In: A. V. Hirner and H. Emons, Eds., Oranic Metal and Metalloid Species in the Environment, Springer, Heidelberg, 2004, p. 41.
[14] W. Goessler and D. Kuehnelt, “Sample Preparation for Arsenic Speciation,” In Z. Mester and R. Sturgeon, Eds., Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003, pp. 1027-1044.
[15] G. P. Miller, D. I. Norman and P. L. Frisch, “A Comment on Arsenic Species Separation Using Ion Exchange,” Water Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1397-1400. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00257-2
[16] K. A. Francesconi, “Toxic Metal Species and Food Re- gulations Making a Healthy Choice,” Analyst, Vol. 132, No. 1, 2007, pp. 17-20. doi:10.1039/b610544k
[17] V. Nischwitz and S. A. Pergantis, “Optimisation of an HPLC Selected Reaction Monitoring Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection of 50 Arsenic Species,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 21, No. 11, 2006, pp. 1277-1286. doi:10.1039/b607535e
[18] D. J. Butcher, “Environmental Applications of Arsenic Speciation Using Atomic Spectrometry Detection,” Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-22. doi:10.1080/05704920600939398
[19] K. A. Francesconi and D. Kuehnelt, “Determination of Arsenic Species: A Critical Review of Methods and Applications, 2000-2003,” Analyst, Vol. 129, No. 5, 2004, pp. 373-395. doi:10.1039/b401321m
[20] V. K. Sharma and M. Sohn, “Aquatic Arsenic: Toxicity, Speciation, Transformations, and Remediation,” Environment International, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2009, pp. 743-759. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.01.005
[21] C. B’Hymer and J. A. Caruso, “Arsenic and Its Speciation Analysis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1045, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.016
[22] D. Q. Hung, O. Nekrassova and R. G. Compton, “Analytical Methods for Inorganic Arsenic in Water: A Review,” Talanta, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2004, pp. 269-277. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.027
[23] D. E. Mays and A. Hussam, “Voltammetric Methods for Determination and Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in the Environment - A Review,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 646, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 6-16. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.006
[24] D. M. Templeton, F. Ariese, R. Cornelis, L. G. Danielsson, H. Muntau, H. P. Van Leeuwen, et al., “Guidelines for Terms Related to Speciation and Fractionation of Elements. Definitions, Structural Aspects, and Methodological Approaches,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 72, No. 8, 2000, pp. 1453-1470. doi:10.1351/pac200072081453
[25] J. Szpunar and R. Lobinski, “Multidimensional Approaches in Biochemical Speciation Analysis,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, No. 6, 2002, pp. 404-411. doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1282-2
[26] J. Frank, M. Krachler and W. Shotyk, “Determination of Arsenic in Peat Samples Using HG-AFS and L-Cysteine as Pre-Reductant,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2006, pp. 204-207. doi:10.1039/b514268g
[27] T. Matousek, A. Hernandez-Zavala, M. Svoboda, L. Langrova, B. M. Adair, Z. Drobna, et al., “Oxidation State Specific Generation of Arsines from Methylated Arsenicals Based on L-Cysteine Treatment in Buffered Media for Speciation Analysis by Hydride Generation- Automated Cryotrapping-Gas Chromatography-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with the Multiatomizer,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2008, pp. 396-406. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2007.11.037
[28] S. Musil and T. Matousek, “On-Line Pre-Reduction of Pentavalent Arsenicals by Thioglycolic Acid for Speciation Analysis by Selective Hydride Generation-Cryo- trapping-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Spectrochi- mica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2008, pp. 685-691. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2008.04.006
[29] T. Narukawa, T. Kuroiwa, K. Inagaki, A. Takatsu and K. Chiba, “Decomposition of Organoarsenic Compounds for Total Arsenic Determination in Marine Organisms by the Hydride Generation Technique,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2005, pp. 239-245. doi:10.1002/aoc.693
[30] C. Lomonte, M. Currell, R. J. S. Morrison, I. D. McKelvie and S. D. Kolev, “Sensitive and Ultra-Fast Determination of Arsenic(III) by Gas-Diffusion Flow Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 583, No. 1, 2007, pp. 72-77. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.049
[31] A. Hernandez-Zavala, T. Matousek, Z. Drobna, D. S. Paul, F. Walton, B. M. Adair, et al., “Speciation Analysis of Arsenic in Biological Matrices by Automated Hydride Generation-Cryotrapping-AAS with Multiple Microflame Quartz Tube Atomizer,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 342-351. doi:10.1039/b706144g
[32] P. Salaun, B. Planer-Friedrich and C. M. G. van den Berg, “Inorganic Arsenic Speciation in Water and Seawater by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with a Gold Microelectrode,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 585, No. 2, 2007, pp. 312-322. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.048
[33] B. K. Jena and C. R. Raj, “Gold Nanoelectrode Ensembles for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Ultratrace Arsenic, Mercury, and Copper,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2008, pp. 4836-4844. doi:10.1021/ac071064w
[34] M. J. Ruiz-Chancho, J. F. Lopez-Sanchez, E. Schmeisser, W. Goessler, K. A. Francesconi and R. Rubio, “Arsenic Speciation in Plants Growing in Arsenic-Contaminated Sites,” Chemosphere, Vol. 71, No. 8, 2008, pp. 1522- 1530. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.054
[35] J. T. van Elteren, Z. Slejkovec, M. Kahn and W. Goessler, “A Systematic Study on the Extractability of Arsenic Species from Algal Certified Reference Material Iaea-140/Tm (Fucus Sp., Sea Plant Homogenate) Using Methanol/Water Extractant Mixtures,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 585, No. 1, 2007, pp. 24-31. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.019
[36] P. A. Creed, C. A. Schwegel and J. T. Creed, “Investigation of Arsenic Speciation on Drinking Water Treatment Media Utilizing Automated Sequential Continuous Flow Extraction with IC-ICP-MS Detection,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 7, No. 11, 2005, pp. 1079- 1084. doi:10.1039/b507568h
[37] K. A. Francesconi, “Complete Extraction of Arsenic Species: A Worthwhile Goal?” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 9, 2003, pp. 682-683. doi:10.1002/aoc.499
[38] A. Raab, D. R. Genney, A. A. Meharg and J. Feldmann, “Identification of Arsenic Species in Sheep-Wool Extracts by Different Chromatographic Methods,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 9, 2003, pp. 684-692. doi:10.1002/aoc.488
[39] H. Hasegawa, M. Matsui, S. Okamura, M. Hojo, N. Iwasaki and Y. Sohrin, “Arsenic Speciation Including 'Hidden' Arsenic in Natural Waters,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1999, pp. 113-119. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199902)13:2<113::AID-AOC837>3.0.CO;2-A
[40] G. E. M. Hall, J. C. Pelchat and G. Gauthier, “Stability of Inorganic Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V) in Water Samples,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp. 205-213. doi:10.1039/a807498d
[41] B. Planer-Friedrich, J. C. Fisher, J. T. Hollibaugh, E. Suss and D. Wallschlager, “Oxidative Transformation of Tri- thioarsenate Along Alkaline Geothermal Drainages - Abiotic Versus Microbially Mediated Processes,” Geomicrobiology Journal, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2009, pp. 339-350. doi:10.1080/01490450902755364
[42] D. Wallschlager and J. London, “Determination of Methylated Arsenic-Sulfur Compounds in Groundwater,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2008, pp. 228-234. doi:10.1021/es0707815
[43] S. D. Conklin, M. W. Fricke, P. A. Creed and J. T. Creed, “Investigation of the Ph Effects on the Formation of Methylated Thio-Arsenicals, and the Effects of pH and Temperature on Their Stability,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2008, pp. 711-716. doi:10.1039/b713145c
[44] R. Wahlen, S. McSheehy, C. Scriver and Z. Mester, “Arsenic Speciation in Marine Certified Reference Materials - Part 2. The Quantification of Water-Soluble Arsenic Species by HPLC-ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2004, pp. 876-882. doi:10.1039/b402482f
[45] S. McSheehy and Z. Mester, “Arsenic Speciation in Marine Certified Reference Materials - Part 1. Identification of Water-Soluble Arsenic Species Using Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma, Electrospray and Electrospray High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Mass Spectrometric Detection,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2004, pp. 373-380. doi:10.1039/b314101b
[46] J. Zheng and H. Hintelmann, “HPLC-ICP-MS for a Comparative Study on the Extraction Approaches for Arsenic Speciation in Terrestrial Plant, Ceratophyllum Demersum,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 280, No. 1, 2009, pp. 171-179. doi:10.1007/s10967-008-7440-z
[47] A. C. Schmidt, N. Haufe and M. Otto, “A Systematic Study on Extraction of Total Arsenic from Down-Scaled Sample Sizes of Plant Tissues and Implications for Arsenic Species Analysis,” Talanta, Vol. 76, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1233-1240. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.032
[48] K. A. Mir, A. Rutter, I. Koch, P. Smith, K. J. Reimer and J. S. Poland, “Extraction and Speciation of Arsenic in Plants Grown on Arsenic Contaminated Soils,” Talanta, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2007, pp. 1507-1518. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.01.068
[49] R. Rubio, M. J. Ruiz-Chancho, J. F. López-Sánchez, R. Rubio and J. F. López-Sánchez, “Sample Pre-Treatment and Extraction Methods That Are Crucial to Arsenic Speciation in Algae and Aquatic Plants,” TrAC- Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2010, pp. 53-69. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2009.10.002
[50] C. G. Yuan, B. He, E. L. Gao, J. X. Lu and G. B. Jiang, “Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Arsenic Speciation in Polluted Soil and Rotten Ore by HPLC-HG-AFS Analysis,” Microchimica Acta, Vol. 159, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 175-182. doi:10.1007/s00604-006-0709-4
[51] K. H. Goh and T. T. Lim, “Arsenic Fractionation in a Fine Soil Fraction and Influence of Various Anions on Its Mobility in the Subsurface Environment,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2005, pp. 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.08.004
[52] I. Pizarro, M. Gomez, C. Camara and M. A. Palacios, “Arsenic Speciation in Environmental and Biological Samples - Extraction and Stability Studies,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 495, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 85-98. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.009
[53] M. M. Rahman, Z. L. Chen and R. Naidu, “Extraction of Arsenic Species in Soils Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Detected by Ion Chromatography Coupled to ICP MS,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 93-102. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9227-0
[54] F. Rahman, Z. L. Chen and R. Naidu, “A Comparative Study of the Extractability of Arsenic Species from Silverbeet and Amaranth Vegetables,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 103-113. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9225-2
[55] E. Smith, A. L. Juhasz and J. Weber, “Arsenic Uptake and Speciation in Vegetables Grown under Greenhouse Conditions,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 125-132. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9242-1
[56] R. E. Rivas, I. Lopez-Garcia and M. Hernandez-Cordoba, “Speciation of Very Low Amounts of Arsenic and Antimony in Waters Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2009, pp. 329-333. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2009.03.007
[57] K. H. Al-Assaf, J. F. Tyson and P. C. Uden, “Determination of Four Arsenic Species in Soil by Sequential Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Hydride Generation and ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry Detection,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2009, pp. 376-384. doi:10.1039/b820300h
[58] M. N. M. Reyes, M. L. Cervera, R. C. Campos and M. de la Guardia, “Non-Chromatographic Speciation of Toxic Arsenic in Vegetables by HG AFS after Ultrasound-As- sisted Extraction,” Talanta, Vol. 75, No. 3, 2008, pp. 811-816. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.12.018
[59] V. Dufailly, L. Noel, J. M. Fremy, D. Beauchemin and T. Guerin, “Optimisation by Experimental Design of an IEC/ICP-MS Speciation Method for Arsenic in Seafood Following Microwave Assisted Extraction,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 22, No. 9, 2007, pp. 1168-1173. doi:10.1039/b705798a
[60] V. Kaur, A. K. Malik and N. Verma, “Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Metallic and Organometallic Species,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2006, pp. 333-345. doi:10.1002/jssc.200500319
[61] Z. Mester and R. Sturgeon, “Trace Element Speciation Using Solid Phase Microextraction,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 60, No. 9-10, 2005, pp. 1243-1269. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2005.06.013
[62] Z. Mester, R. Sturgeon and J. Pawliszyn, “Solid Phase Microextraction as a Tool for Trace Element Speciation,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2001, pp. 233-260. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00304-9
[63] M. Mulugeta, G. Wibetoe, C. J. Engelsen and W. Lund, “Speciation Analysis of as, Sb and Se in Leachates of Cementitious Construction Materials Using Selective Solid Phase Extraction and ICP-MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2010, pp. 169-177. doi:10.1039/b919994m
[64] X. L. Liu, T. C. Duan, Y. Han, X. Y. Jia and H. T. Chen, “On-Line Solid Phase Extraction-Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometric Determination of Trace Arsenic in High Purity Antimony(III) Oxide,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2010, pp. 206-209. doi:10.1039/b915054d
[65] Z. Slejkovec, I. Falnoga, W. Goessler, J. T. van Elteren, R. Raml, H. Podgornik, et al., “Analytical Artefacts in the Speciation of Arsenic in Clinical Samples,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 607, No. 1, 2008, pp. 83-91. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.031
[66] S. G. Salgado, M. A. Q. Nieto and M. M. B. Simón, “Assessment of Total Arsenic and Arsenic Species Stability in Alga Samples and Their Aqueous Extracts,” Talanta, Vol. 75, No. 4, 2008, pp. 897-903. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.12.031
[67] V. Oliveira, A. M. Sarmiento, J. L. Gomez-Ariza, J. M. Nieto and D. Sanchez-Rodas, “New Preservation Method for Inorganic Arsenic Speciation in Acid Mine Drainage Samples,” Talanta, Vol. 69, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1182-1189. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.12.034
[68] A. G. Gault, J. Jana, S. Chakraborty, P. Mukherjee, M. Sarkar, B. Nath, et al., “Preservation Strategies for Inorganic Arsenic Species in High Iron, Low-Eh Groundwater from West Bengal, India,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 381, No. 2, 2005, pp. 347-353. doi:10.1007/s00216-004-2861-1
[69] R. B. McCleskey, D. K. Nordstrom and A. S. Maest, “Preservation of Water Samples for Arsenic(III/V) Determinations: An Evaluation of the Literature and New Analytical Results,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2004, pp. 995-1009. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.003
[70] B. Daus, H. Weiss, J. Mattusch and R. Wennrich, “Preservation of Arsenic Species in Water Samples Using Phosphoric Acid - Limitations and Long-Term Stability,” Talanta, Vol. 69, 2006, pp. 430-434. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.10.012
[71] B. Daus, J. Mattusch, R. Wennrich and H. Weiss, “Investigation on Stability and Preservation of Arsenic Species in Iron Rich Water Samples,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 57-65. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00256-4
[72] A. J. Bednar, J. R. Garbarino, M. R. Burkhardt, J. F. Ranville and T. R. Wildeman, “Field and Laboratory Arsenic Speciation Methods and Their Application to Natural-Water Analysis,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2004, pp. 355-364. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.034
[73] A. J. Bednar, J. R. Garbarino, J. F. Ranville and T. R. Wildeman, “Preserving the Distribution of Inorganic Arsenic Species in Groundwater and in Acid Mine Drainage Samples,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, 2002, pp. 2213-2218. doi:10.1021/es0157651
[74] P. A. Gallagher, C. A. Schwegel, X. Y. Wei and J. T. Creed, “Speciation and Preservation of Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water Sources Using EDTA with IC Separation and ICP-MS Detection,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2001, pp. 371-376. doi:10.1039/b101658j
[75] V. Dufailly, T. Guerin, L. Noel, J. M. Fremy and D. Beauchemin, “A Simple Method for the Speciation Analysis of Bio-Accessible Arsenic in Seafood Using On-Line Continuous Leaching and Ion Exchange Chromatography Coupled to ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 23, No. 9, 2008, pp. 1263-1268. doi:10.1039/b803516d
[76] M. Rees, L. Sansom, A. Rofe, A. L. Juhasz, E. Smith, J. Weber, et al., “Principles and Application of an in Vivo Swine Assay for the Determination of Arsenic Bioavailability in Contaminated Matrices,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 167-177. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9237-y
[77] M. Ponthieu, P. Pinel-Raffaitin, I. Le Hecho, L. Mazeas, D. Amouroux, O. F. X. Donard, et al., “Speciation Analysis of Arsenic in Landfill Leachate,” Water Research, Vol. 41, No. 14, 2007, pp. 3177-3185. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.026
[78] P. Pinel-Raffaitin, I. Le Hecho, D. Amouroux and M. Potin-Gautter, “Distribution and Fate of Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Species in Landfill Leachates and Biogases,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, No. 13, 2007, pp. 4536-4541. doi:10.1021/es0628506
[79] J. Szpunar, S. McSheehy, K. Polec, V. Vacchina, S. Mounicou, I. Rodriguez, et al., “Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Detection for Environmental Speciation Analysis - Advances and Limitations,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 55, No. 7, 2000, pp. 779-793. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00210-X
[80] A. Raab, J. Feldmann and A. A. Meharg, “The Nature of Arsenic-Phytochelatin Complexes in Holcus Lanatus and Pteris Cretica,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 134, No. 3, 2004, pp. 1113-1122. doi:10.1104/pp.103.033506
[81] B. K. Mandal, K. T. Suzuki, K. Anzai, K. Yamaguchi and Y. Sei, “A SEC-HPLC-ICP MS Hyphenated Technique for Identification of Sulfur-Containing Arsenic Metabolites in Biological Samples,” Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Vol. 874, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 64-76. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.09.004
[82] D. Melamed, “Monitoring Arsenic in the Environment: A Review of Science and Technologies with the Potential for Field Measurements,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 532, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.047
[83] C. M. Steinmaus, C. M. George, D. A. Kalman and A. H. Smith, “Evaluation of Two New Arsenic Field Test Kits Capable of Detecting Arsenic Water Concentrations Close to 10 μg/L,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 10, 2006, pp. 3362-3366. doi:10.1021/es060015i
[84] N. A. Yusof and K. Rashid, “Development of Optical Test Strip for Rapid Determination of Trace Arsenic Using Immobilized Gallocyanine,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2009, pp. 1747-1753.
[85] M. Arora, M. Megharaj and R. Naidu, “Arsenic Testing Field Kits: Some Considerations and Recommendations,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 45-48. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9231-4
[86] D. G. Kinniburgh and W. Kosmus, “Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater: Some Analytical Considerations,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 165-180. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00265-5
[87] E. Diesel, M. Schreiber and J. R. van der Meer, “Development of Bacteria-Based Bioassays for Arsenic Detection in Natural Waters,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 394, No. 3, 2009, pp. 687-693. doi:10.1007/s00216-009-2785-x
[88] J. Z. Xing, L. J. Zhu, J. A. Jackson, S. Gabos, X. J. Sun, X. B. Wang, et al., “Dynamic Monitoring of Cytotoxicity on Microelectronic Sensors,” Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2005, pp. 154-161. doi:10.1021/tx049721s
[89] R. Liu, P. Wu, M. Y. Xi, K. L. Xu and Y. Lv, “Inorganic Arsenic Speciation Analysis of Water Samples by Trapping Arsine on Tungsten Coil for Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometric Determination,” Talanta, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2009, pp. 885-890. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.12.067
[90] J. Gomez-Ariza, F. Lorenzo and T. Garcia-Barrera, “Comparative Study of Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy and ICP MS for Mercury and Arsenic Multispeciation,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 382, No. 2, 2005, pp. 485-492. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-3094-7
[91] B. Chen, M. Krachler, Z. I. Gonzalez and W. Shotyk, “Improved Determination of Arsenic in Environmental and Geological Specimens Using HG-AFS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2005, pp. 95-102. doi:10.1039/b416142d
[92] E. Munoz and S. Palmero, “Analysis and Speciation of Arsenic by Stripping Potentiometry: A Review,” Talanta, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2005, pp. 613-620. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034
[93] A. Cavicchioli, M. A. La-Scalea and I. G. R. Gutz, “Analysis and Speciation of Traces of Arsenic in Environmental Food and Industrial Samples by Voltammetry: A Review,” Electroanalysis, Vol. 16, No. 9, 2004, pp. 697-711. doi:10.1002/elan.200302936
[94] D. Beauchemin, “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 80, No. 12, 2008, pp. 4455-4486. doi:10.1021/ac8006945
[95] K. L. Ackley, K. L. Sutton and J. A. Caruso, “The Use of ICP-MS as a Detector for Elemental Speciation Studies Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry,” In: J. A. Caruso, K. L. Sutton and K. L. Ackley, Eds., Elemental Speciation New Approach for Trace Element Analysis, Elsevier, Vol. 33, 2000, pp. 249-276.
[96] R. Cornelis, J. Caruso, H. Crews and K. Heumann, Handbook of Elemental Speciation: Techniques and Methodology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2003. doi:10.1002/0470868384
[97] R. Lobinski, D. Schauml?ffel and J. Szpunar, “Mass Spectrometry in Bioinorganic Analytical Chemistry,” Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2006, pp. 255-289. doi:10.1002/mas.20069
[98] M. Moldovan, E. M. Krupp, A. E. Holliday and O. F. X. Donard, “High Resolution Sector Field ICP-MS and Multicollector ICP-MS as Tools for Trace Metal Speciation in Environmental Studies: A Review,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2004, pp. 815-822. doi:10.1039/b403128h
[99] A. A. Ammann, “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): A Versatile Tool,” Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2007, pp. 419-427. doi:10.1002/jms.1206
[100] J. Feldmann, “What Can the Different Current-Detection Methods Offer for Element Speciation?” TrAC-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2005, pp. 228-242. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.011
[101] Z. L. Zhu and Q. Qin, “Recent Development of Speciation Analysis for Trace Arsenic,” Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1176-1180.
[102] A. V. Hirner, “Speciation of Alkylated Metals and Metalloids in the Environment,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 385, No. 3, 2006, pp. 555-567. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0368-7
[103] F. C. Adams, “Elemental Speciation: Where Do We Come From? Where Do We Go?” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1090-1097. doi:10.1039/b400559g
[104] S. Choi, P. A. O’Day and J. G. Hering, “Natural Attenuation of Arsenic by Sediment Sorption and Oxidation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, No. 12, 2009, pp. 4253-4259. doi:10.1021/es802841x
[105] M. Grafe, R. V. Tappero, M. A. Marcus and D. L. Sparks, “Arsenic Speciation in Multiple Metal Environments: I. Bulk-XAFS Spectroscopy of Model and Mixed Compounds,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 320, No. 2, 2008, pp. 383-399. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2008.01.028
[106] R. T. Wilkin and R. G. Ford, “Arsenic Solid-Phase Partitioning in Reducing Sediments of a Contaminated Wetland,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 228, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 156-174. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.022
[107] A. G. Gault, D. A. Polya, P. R. Lythgoe, M. L. Farquhar, J. M. Charnock and R. A. Wogelius, “Arsenic Speciation in Surface Waters and Sediments in a Contaminated Waterway: An IC ICP-MS and XAS Based Study,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1387-1397. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00058-1
[108] C. G. Yuan and X. C. Le, “Arsenic Speciation Analysis,” Progress in Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 2-3, 2009, pp. 467-473.
[109] M. Leermakers, W. Baeyens, M. De Gieter, B. Smedts, C. Meert, H. C. De Bisschop, et al., “Toxic Arsenic Compounds in Environmental Samples: Speciation and Validation,” TrAC-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2006, pp. 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2005.06.004
[110] E. Terlecka, “Arsenic Speciation Analysis in Water Samples: A Review of the Hyphenated Techniques,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 107, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 259-284. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-3109-z
[111] G. Raber, S. Khoomrung, M. S. Taleshi, J. S. Edmonds and K. A. Francesconi, “Identification of Arsenolipids with GC/MS,” Talanta, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2009, pp. 1215-1218. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.01.013
[112] R. A. Diaz-Bone, M. Hollmann, O. Wuerfel and D. Pieper, “Analysis of Volatile Arsenic Compounds Formed by Intestinal Microorganisms: Rapid Identification of New Metabolic Products by Use of Simultaneous EI-MS and ICP-MS Detection after Gas Chromatographic Separation,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2009, pp. 808-814. doi:10.1039/b822968f
[113] E. Schmeisser, W. Goessler, N. Kienzl and K. A. Fran- cesconi, “Volatile Analytes Formed from Arsenosugars: Determination by HPLC-HG-ICP-MS and Implications for Arsenic Speciation Analyses,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 76, No. 2, 2004, pp. 418-423. doi:10.1021/ac034878v
[114] R. Regmi, B. F. Milne and J. Feldmann, “Hydride Generation Activity of Arsenosugars and Thioarsenicals,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 388, No. 4, 2007, pp. 775-782. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-1076-z
[115] N. Campillo, R. Penalver, P. Vinas, I. Lopez-Garcia and M. Hernandez-Cordoba, “Speciation of Arsenic Using Capillary Gas Chromatography with Atomic Emission Detection,” Talanta, Vol. 77, No. 2, 2008, pp. 793-799. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.028
[116] J. C. A. Wuilloud, R. G. Wuilloud, A. P. Vonderheide and J. A. Caruso, “Gas Chromatography/Plasma Spectrometry - An Important Analytical Tool for Elemental Speciation Studies,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 59, No. 6, 2004, pp. 755-792. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2004.03.009
[117] B. G. Sun, M. Macka and P. R. Haddad, “Trace Determination of Arsenic Species by Capillary Electrophoresis with Direct UV Detection Using Sensitivity Enhancement by Counter- or Co-Electroosmotic Flow Stacking and a High-Sensitivity Cell,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 24, No. 12-13, 2003, pp. 2045-2053. doi:10.1002/elps.200305447
[118] O. S. Koshcheeva, O. V. Shuvaeva and L. I. Kuznetzova, “Arsenic Speciation in Natural and Contaminated Waters Using CZE with in Situ Derivatization by Molybdate and Direct UV-Detection,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2009, pp. 1088-1093. doi:10.1002/elps.200800384
[119] K. Kutschera, A. C. Schmidt, S. Kohler and M. Otto, “CZE for the Speciation of Arsenic in Aqueous Soil Extracts,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 28, No. 19, 2007, pp. 3466-3476. doi:10.1002/elps.200700107
[120] F. Kitagawa, K. Shiomi and K. Otsuka, “Analysis of Arsenic Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Indirect UV and Mass Spectrometric Detections,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 27, No. 11, 2006, pp. 2233-2239. doi:10.1002/elps.200500614
[121] K. F. Akter, Z. Chen, L. Smith, D. Davey and R. Naidu, “Speciation of Arsenic in Ground Water Samples: A Comparative Study of CE-UV, HG-AAS and LC ICP MS,” Talanta, Vol. 68, No. 2, 2005, pp. 406-415. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.011
[122] B. Michalke, “Capillary Electrophoresis ICP MS: A Report on Technical Principles and Problem Solutions, Potential, and Limitations of This Technology as Well as on Examples of Application,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 26, No. 7-8, 2005, pp. 1584-1597. doi:10.1002/elps.200410314
[123] C. Casiot, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, “Optimization of the Hyphenation between Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and ICP MS for the Measurement of As-, Sb-, Se- and Te-Species, Applicable to Soil Extracts,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2002, pp. 173-187. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00365-2
[124] G. D. Yang, J. H. Xu, J. P. Zheng, X. Q. Xu, W. Wang, L. J. Xu, et al., “Speciation Analysis of Arsenic in Mya Arenaria Linnaeus and Shrimp with Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” Talanta, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2009, pp. 471-476. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.11.040
[125] G. Koellensperger, J. Nurmi, S. Hann, G. Stingeder, W. J. Fitz and W. W. Wenzel, “CE-ICP-SFMS and HPLC ICP SFMS for Arsenic Speciation in Soil Solution and Soil Water Extracts,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 17, No. 9, 2002, pp. 1042-1047. doi:10.1039/b202875c
[126] E. H. Larsen, “Method Optimization and Quality Assurance in Speciation Analysis Using HPLC with Detection by ICP MS,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1998, pp. 253-265. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(97)00137-7
[127] J. Weiss and T. Weiss, Handbook of Ion Chromatography, 3rd Edition, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004. doi:10.1002/9783527619610
[128] J. S. Fritz and D. T. Gjerde, Ion Chromatography, 4th Edition, Weinheim: Wiley, 2009. doi:10.1002/9783527626878
[129] M. D. Zimmermann and J. A. Tossell, “Acidities of Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V) Thio- and Oxyacids in Aqueous Solution Using the CBS-QB3/CPCM Method,” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 113, No. 17, 2009, pp. 5105-5111. doi:10.1021/jp809123q
[130] A. A. Ammann, “Arsenic Speciation by Gradient Anion Exchange Narrow Bore Ion Chromatography and High Resolution ICP MS Detection,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1217, 2010, pp. 2111-2116. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.086
[131] M. Morita, T. Uehiro and K. Fuwa, “Detremination of Arsenic Compounds in Biological Samples by Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma- Emission Spectrometric Detection,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 53, No. 12, 1981, pp. 1806-1808. doi:10.1021/ac00235a021
[132] A. K. Malik, M. Gomez, C. Camara, H. G. Riepe and J. Bettmer, “On-Line Chloride Interference Removal for Arsenic Determination in Waste Water and Urine by ICP MS Using a Modified Capillary,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, No. 11, 2002, pp. 795-804. doi:10.1080/0306731021000102266
[133] L. Yehiayan, M. Pattabiraman, K. Kavallieratos, X. T. Wang, L. H. Boise and Y. Cai, “Speciation, Formation, Stability and Analytical Challenges of Human Arsenic Metabolites,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1397-1405. doi:10.1039/b910943a
[134] Z. Gong, X. Lu, M. Ma, C. Watt and X. C. Le, “Arsenic Speciation Analysis,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 77-96. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00258-8
[135] P. Ter?sahde, M. Pantsar-Kallio and P. K. G. Manninen, “Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic Species by Ion Chromatography ICP MS,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 750, No. 1-2, 1996, pp. 83-88. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(96)00469-4
[136] T. Sakai, Y. Inoue, Y. Date, T. Aoyama, K. Yoshida and G. Endo, “Simultaneous Determination of Neutral, Anionic and Cationic Compounds within One Chromatographic Run Using an ICP MS as Element-Specific Detector,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001, pp. 285-290. doi:10.1002/aoc.141
[137] T. Cecchi, “Ion Pairing Chromatography,” Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2008, pp. 161-213. doi:10.1080/10408340802038882
[138] S. H. Hansen, E. H. Larsen, G. Pritzl and C. Cornett, “Separation of Seven Arsenic Compounds by High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography with Online Detection by Hydrogen-Argon Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1992, pp. 629-634. doi:10.1039/ja9920700629
[139] D. Beauchemin, K. W. M. Siu, J. W. McLaren and S. S. Berman, “Determination of Arsenic Species by High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography - ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1989, pp. 285-289. doi:10.1039/ja9890400285
[140] S. Wangkarn and S. A. Pergantis, “High-Speed Separation of Arsenic Compounds Using Narrow-Bore High- Performance Liquid Chromatography On-Line with ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2000, pp. 627-633. doi:10.1039/b001810o
[141] S. Afton, K. Kubachka, B. Catron and J. A. Caruso, “Simultaneous Characterization of Selenium and Arsenic Analytes Via Ion-Pairing Reversed Phase Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma and Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for Detection Applications to River Water, Plant Extract and Urine Matrices,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1208, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 156-163. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.077
[142] J. Mattusch and R. Wennrich, “Determination of Anionic, Neutral, and Cationic Species of Arsenic by Ion Chromatography with ICP MS Detection in Environmental Samples,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 70, No. 17, 1998, pp. 3649-3655. doi:10.1021/ac9802574
[143] S. Londesborough, J. Mattusch and R. Wennrich, “Separation of Organic and Inorganic Arsenic Species by HPLC ICP MS,” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 363, No. 5-6, 1999, pp. 577-581. doi:10.1007/s002160051251
[144] B. P. Jackson and P. M. Bertsch, “Determination of Arsenic Speciation in Poultry Wastes by IC ICP MS,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 24, 2001, pp. 4868-4873. doi:10.1021/es0107172
[145] U. Kohlmeyer, E. Jantzen, J. Kuballa and S. Jakubik, “Benefits of High Resolution IC ICP MS for the Routine Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Species in Food Products of Marine and Terrestrial Origin,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 377, No. 1, 2003, pp. 6-13. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2064-1
[146] U. Kohlmeyer, J. Kuballa and E. Jantzen, “Simultaneous Separation of 17 Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Biota by Means of HPLC ICP MS,” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 16, No. 10, 2002, pp. 965-974. doi:10.1002/rcm.671
[147] S. Simon, H. Tran, F. Pannier and M. Potin-Gautier, “Simultaneous Determination of Twelve Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Compounds by Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Irradiation-Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1024, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 105-113. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.068
[148] B. Daus, J. Mattusch, A. Paschke, R. Wennrich and H. Weiss, “Kinetics of the Arsenite Oxidation in Seepage Water from a Tin Mill Tailings Pond,” Talanta, Vol. 51, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1087-1095. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(00)00302-7
[149] P. Zbinden, D. Andrey and C. Blake, “A Routine Ion Chromatography ICP MS Method for the Analysis of Arsenic Species Applicable in the Food Industry,” Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2000, pp. 205-215.
[150] A. Raab, A. A. Meharg, M. Jaspars, D. R. Genney and J. Feldmann, “Arsenic-Glutathione Complexes - Their Stability in Solution and During Separation by Different HPLC Modes,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2004, pp. 183-190. doi:10.1039/b307945g
[151] S. Fitzpatrick, L. Ebdon and M. E. Foulkes, “Separation and Detection of Arsenic and Selenium Species in Environmental Samples by HPLC ICP MS,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, No. 11-12, 2002, pp. 835-841. doi:10.1080/03067310290013267
[152] B. A. Manning and D. A. Martens, “Speciation of Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V) in Sediment Extracts by HPLC HG AAS,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1997, pp. 171-177. doi:10.1021/es9602556
[153] S. Polesello, S. Valsecchi, S. Cavalli and C. Reschiotto, “Ion-Chromatographic Screening Method for Monitoring Arsenate and Other Anionic Pollutants in Ground Waters of Northern Italy,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 920, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 231-238. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00745-2
[154] J. A. Brisbin, C. B’Hymer and J. A. Caruso, “A Gradient Anion Exchange Chromatographic Method for the Speciation of Arsenic in Lobster Tissue Extracts,” Talanta, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 133-145. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00262-X
[155] R. Xie, W. Johnson, S. Spayd, G. S. Hall and B. Buckley, “Arsenic Speciation Analysis of Human Urine Using Ion Exchange Chromatography Coupled to ICP MS,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 578, No. 2, 2006, pp. 186-194. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.076
[156] T. Lindemann, A. Prange, W. Dannecker and B. Neidhart, “Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Antimony Species Using HPLC ICP MS,” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 364, No. 5, 1999, pp. 462-466. doi:10.1007/s002160051368
[157] I. Martin, M. A. Lopezgonzalvez, M. Gomez, C. Camara and M. A. Palacios, “Evaluation of High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography for the Separation and Determination of Arsenic Species by Online HPLC HG AAS,” Journal of Chromatography B-Biomedical Applications, Vol. 666, No. 1, 1995, pp. 101-109. doi:10.1016/0378-4347(94)00567-O
[158] C. Shen-Tu, Y. C. Fan, Y. Z. Hou, K. X. Wang and Y. Zhu, “Arsenic Species Analysis by Ion Chromatography- Bianode Electrochemical HG AFS,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1213, No. 1, 2008, pp. 56-61. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.016
[159] D. Heitkemper, J. Creed and J. Caruso, “Speciation of Arsenic in Urine Using HPLC with ICP MS Detection,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 4, 1989, pp. 279-284. doi:10.1039/ja9890400279
[160] L. S. Milstein, A. Essader, E. D. Pellizzari, R. A. Fernando and O. Akinbo, “Selection of a Suitable Mobile Phase for the Speciation of Four Arsenic Compounds in Drinking Water Samples Using Ion-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to ICP MS,” Environment International, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2002, pp. 277-283. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00035-1
[161] Z. L. Chen, K. F. Akter, M. Mahmudur and R. R. Naidu, “Speciation of Arsenic by Ion Chromatography ICP MS Using Ammonium Eluents,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 29, 2006, pp. 2671-2676. doi:10.1002/jssc.200500304
[162] J. Zheng, H. Hintelmann, B. Dimock and M. S. Dzurko, “Speciation of Arsenic in Water, Sediment, and Plants of the Moira Watershed, Canada, Using HPLC Coupled to High Resolution ICP MS,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 377, No. 1, 2003, pp. 14-24. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1920-3
[163] J. Zheng and H. Hintelmann, “Hyphenation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Sector Field ICP MS for the Determination of Ultra-Trace Level Anionic and Cationic Arsenic Compounds in Freshwater Fish,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2004, pp. 191-195. doi:10.1039/b304890j
[164] T. Lindemann, M. Hamester, J. Hinrichs and J. Wills, “High Sensitivity Arsenic Speciation: HPLC Sector Field ICP MS,” Application Note Thermo, AN30012_E, 2003.
[165] L. Ebdon, S. Fitzpatrick and M. E. Foulkes, “The Speciation of Arsenic Compounds,” Chemia Analityczna, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2002, pp. 179-188.
[166] A. Woller, H. Garraud, J. Boisson, A. M. Dorthe, P. Fodor and O. F. X. Donard, “Simultaneous Speciation of Redox Species of Arsenic and Selenium Using an Anion-Exchange Microbore Column Coupled with a Micro-Concentric Nebulizer and an ICP MS as Detector,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1998, pp. 141-149. doi:10.1039/a704772j
[167] E. H. Larsen and S. Sturup, “Carbon-Enhanced ICP MS Detection of Arsenic and Selenium and Its Application to Arsenic Speciation,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 9, No. 10, 1994, pp. 1099-1105. doi:10.1039/ja9940901099
[168] M. Pettine, B. Casentini, D. Mastroianni and S. Capri, “Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Effect in the Determination of Arsenic and Chromium in Mineral Waters by ICP MS,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 599, No. 2, 2007, pp. 191-198. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.016
[169] Y. Martinez-Bravo, A. F. Roig-Navarro, F. J. Lopez and F. Hernandez, “Multielemental Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Chromium (VI) Species in Water by HPLC ICP MS,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 926, No. 2, 2001, pp. 265-274. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01062-7
[170] Q. L. Xie, R. Kerrich, E. Irving, K. Liber and F. Abou- Shakra, “Determination of Five Arsenic Species in Aqueous Samples by HPLC Coupled with a Hexapole Collision Cell ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 17, No. 9, 2002, pp. 1037-1041. doi:10.1039/b202172b
[171] A. Castillo, A. F. Roig-Navarro and O. J. Pozo, “Capabilities of Microbore Columns Coupled to ICP MS in Speciation of Arsenic and Selenium,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1202, No. 2, 2008, pp. 132-137. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.031
[172] X. R. Zhang, R. Cornelis, J. deKimpe and L. Mees, “Speciation of Toxicologically Important Arsenic Species in Human Serum by Liquid Chromatography Hydride Generation AAS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 11, No. 11, 1996, pp. 1075-1079. doi:10.1039/ja9961101075
[173] F. M. Pan, J. F. Tyson and P. C. Uden, “Simultaneous Speciation of Arsenic and Selenium in Human Urine by HPLC ICP MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2007, pp. 931-937. doi:10.1039/b703713a
[174] R. G. Brennan, S. Murdock, M. Farmand, K. Kahen, S. Samii, J. M. Gray, et al., “Nano-HPLC ICP MS for Arsenic Speciation,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 22, No. 9, 2007, pp. 1199-1205. doi:10.1039/b703257a
[175] C. B’Hymer and J. A. Caruso, “Evaluation of HPLC Systems for the Separation and Quantification of Arsenic Compounds from Apple Extracts,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002, pp. 639 - 653. doi:10.1081/JLC-120008817
[176] J. Mattusch, R. Wennrich, A. C. Schmidt and W. Reisser, “Determination of Arsenic Species in Water, Soils and Plants,” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 366, No. 2, 2000, pp. 200-203. doi:10.1007/s002160050039
[177] A. C. Schmidt, W. Reisser, J. Mattusch, R. Wennrich and K. Jung, “Analysis of Arsenic Species Accumulation by Plants and the Influence on Their Nitrogen Uptake,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2004, pp. 172-177. doi:10.1039/b307410m
[178] S. Karthikeyan and S. Hirata, “Ion Chromatography ICP MS Determination of Arsenic Species in Marine Samples,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 7, 2004, pp. 323-330. doi:10.1002/aoc.642
[179] R. G. Wuilloud, J. C. Altamirano, P. N. Smichowski and D. T. Heitkemper, “Investigation of Arsenic Speciation in Algae of the Antarctic Region by HPLC ICP MS and HPLC-ESI-Ion Trap MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 21, No. 11, 2006, pp. 1214-1223. doi:10.1039/b607203h
[180] S. D. Conklin, P. A. Creed and J. T. Creed, “Detection and Quantification of a Thio-Arsenosugar in Marine Molluscs by IC ICP MS with an Emphasis on the Interaction of Arsenosugars with Sulfide as a Function of pH,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 21, No. 9, 2006, pp. 869-875. doi:10.1039/b608845g
[181] R. Y. Wang, Y. L. Hsu, L. F. Chang and S. J. Jiang, “Speciation Analysis of Arsenic and Selenium Compounds in Environmental and Biological Samples by Ion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Dynamic Reaction Cell Mass Spectrometer,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 590, No. 2, 2007, pp. 239-244. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.045
[182] R. E. Paproski and X. C. Le, “Boric Acid-Assisted Anion-Exchange Chromatography for Separating Arsenic Species,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 526, No. 1, 2004, pp. 69-76. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.057
[183] S. Saverwyns, X. R. Zhang, F. Vanhaecke, R. Cornelis, L. Moens and R. Dams, “Speciation of Six Arsenic Compounds Using HPLC ICP MS with Sample Introduction by Thermospray Nebulization,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1997, pp. 1047- 1052. doi:10.1039/a701554b
[184] S. McSheehy and J. Szpunar, “Speciation of Arsenic in Edible Algae by Bi-Dimensional Size-Exclusion Anion Exchange HPLC with Dual ICP MS and Electrospray MS/MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 15, 2000, pp. 79-87. doi:10.1039/a906890b
[185] M. Raessler, B. Michalke, S. Schulte-Hostede and A. Kettrup, “Long-Term Monitoring of Arsenic and Selenium Species in Contaminated Groundwaters by HPLC and HG-AAS,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 258, No. 3, 2000, pp. 171-181. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00535-0
[186] J. A. Day, M. Montes-Bayon, A. P. Vonderheide and J. A. Caruso, “A Study of Method Robustness for Arsenic Speciation in Drinking Water Samples by Anion Exchange HPLC ICP MS,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, No. 7, 2002, pp. 664-668. doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1384-x
[187] M. Segura, J. Munoz, Y. Madrid and C. Camara, “Stability Study of As (III), As (V), MMA and DMA by Anion Exchange Chromatography and HG-AFS in Wastewater Samples,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 374, No. 3, 2002, pp. 513-519. doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1492-7
[188] M. J. Watts, M. Button, T. S. Brewer, G. R. T. Jenkin and C. F. Harrington, “Quantitative Arsenic Speciation in Two Species of Earthworms from a Former Mine Site,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2008, pp. 753-759. doi:10.1039/b800567b

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.