Genetic variation of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) for etheric oil in Albania

Fetah Elezi, Fatbardh Plaku, Alban Ibraliu, Gose Stefkov, Marija Karapandzova, Svetlana Kulevanova, Sali Aliu

Department of Plant Production, Agricultural University in Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo;.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss.Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia.

DOI: 10.4236/as.2013.49060                

Abstract

In this study are presented the results of studies for oregano in 16 locations (sites) of Albania for the content of the quantity of oils and their fractions.Albaniais the one of the important diversity centers for Oregano because of their adaptation to diverse agro ecological conditions as a result of natural selection. The design of the experiment was based on split plot methods. From the total samples collected, were selected 16 mostly widespread samples of natural populations of origano (Origanum vulgare L. sp. vulgare and sp. hirtum). Essential oil isolation from oregano was performed by hydro distillation. Identification of the components was made by comparing mass spectra of components in essential oils with those from Nist, Wiley and Adams mass spectra libraries. The results show that the total oil content varies from 3.45% to 0.1%. The populations of Oregano in the part of southern Albania have a higher amount of etheric oil compared with those of the North part. The higher content of carvacrol in 55.63%, of the samples was determined in sites of the southern part of Albania, while in the other two investigated area central and north part it was 55.63% and 48.49% respectively. The same indicators were realised also for content of linalool and thymol, while North area has sites with high content of caryophyllen-oxide and β-pinen 3. But, in all sites, the oils of thymol and carvacrolit were dominant.

Keywords

Origanum; Essential Oil; Carvacrol; Thymol

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Fatma, T., Bajram, I., Refika, R., Sonmeze, C., Isa, T. and Mehmet, F. (2010) Chemical and genetic variability of selected turkish oregano. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 288, 157-165. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0320-3
[2]	Oliver, G.W. (1997) The world market of oregano. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshopon Oregano, Bari, 8-12 May 1996, 142-146.
[3]	Ietswaart, J.H. (1980) A taxonomic revision of the genus Origanum (Labiatae). PhD Thesis, Leiden University Press, The Hague.
[4]	Bernáth, J. (2002) Strategies and recent achievements in selection of medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae, 576, 115-128.
[5]	Ali Azizi, E., Wagner, C. and Honermeier, B. (2009) Intraspecific diversity and relationship between subspecies of Origanum vulgare revealed by comparative AFLP and SAMPL marker analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 281, 151-160. doi:10.1007/s00606-009-0197-1
[6]	Lawrence, B. (1984) The botanicaland chemical aspects of oregano. Parfumer and Flovorits, 9, 41-51.
[7]	D’Antuono, L.F., Galleti, G.C. and Bocchini, P. (2000) Variability of essential oil content and composition of Origanum vulgare L. populations from a North Mediterranean Area (Liguria Region, Northern Italy). Annals of Botany, 86, 471-478. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1205
[8]	Duke, J. and Baxter, H. (1993) Phytochemical dictionary: A handbook of bioactive compounds from plants. Taylor and Francis, London.
[9]	Fleisher, A. and Sneer, N. (1982) Oregano spices and Origanum chemotypes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33, 441-446. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740330508
[10]	Marzi, V., Fortunato, F., Circella, G., Picci, V. and Melegari, M. (1992) Origano resultati ottenuti nellambito del progett. Agricultura, 132, 71-89.
[11]	Papadhopulli, G. (1976) Bimet mjekesore te Shqiperise. Tirane, 203 p.
[12]	Dorotea, M. (2005) Tekniche termoanalitiche applicate allo studio di composti e sitemi colloidali biologicamente attivi. Dottorato in Tecnologie delle.
[13]	Honermeier, B. (2010) Genetic, chemical and agro-morphological evaluation of the medicinal plant Origanum vulgare L. for marker assisted improvement of pharmaceutical quality. Justus Liebig University Giessen Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 64.
[14]	SPSS-16 (2004) Statistical package program.
[15]	Lagouri, V., Blekas, G., Tsimidou, M., Kokkini, S. and Boskou, D. (1993) Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from oregano plants grown wild in Greece. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 197, 20-23. doi:10.1007/BF01202694
[16]	Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Scott, C., Murcia, A., Butler, J., Halliwell, B. and Aruoma, O.I. (1994) Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 31-36. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90033-4
[17]	Mastro, G.D. (1997) Crop domestication and variability within accessions of Origanum genus. In: Padulosi, S., Ed., Oregano Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop, Bari, 8-12 May 1996, 34-48.
[18]	Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Gonzales-Aguilar, G. and Del-ToroSanchez, L. (2009) Lavoro di ricerca originale. Enhancing safety and aroma appealing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables using the antimicrobial and aromatic power of essential oils. Journal of Food Science, 74, 84-91. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01294.x
[19]	Falconieri, D. (2011) Estrazione di composti biologicamente attivi da piante della Sardegna. Settori Scientifico Disciplinari di Afferenza Chim/10 Chimica Degli Alimanti Chim/09 Farmaceutico Tecnologico Applicativo, 144-145.
[20]	Gounaris, Y., Skoula, M., Fournaraki, C., Drakakaki, G. and Makris, A. (2002) Comparison of essential oils and geneticrelationship of Origanum × intercedens to its parental taxa in the island of Crete. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 30, 249-258. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00079-5
[21]	Putievsky, E., Ravid, U. and Dud, N. (1988) Phenological and seasonal influences on essential oil of a cultivated clone of Origanum vulgare L. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 43, 225-228. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740430304
[22]	Aliu, S., Gashi, B., Rusinovci, I., Fetahu, Sh. and Vataj, R. (2013) Effects of some heavy metals in some morphphysiological parameters in maize seedlings. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 9, 27-33.
[23]	Azizi, A., Yan, F. and Honermeier. B. (2009) Herbage yield, essential oil content and composition of three oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations as affected by soil moisture regimes and nitrogen supply. Industrial Crops and Products, 2, 554-561.
[24]	Fatma, T., Bajram, I., Refika, R., Sonmeze, C., Isa, T. and Mehmet, F. (2010) Chemical and genetic variability of selected turkish oregano. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 288, 157-165. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0320-3
[25]	Oliver, G.W. (1997) The world market of oregano. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshopon Oregano, Bari, 8-12 May 1996, 142-146.
[26]	Ietswaart, J.H. (1980) A taxonomic revision of the genus Origanum (Labiatae). PhD Thesis, Leiden University Press, The Hague.
[27]	Bernáth, J. (2002) Strategies and recent achievements in selection of medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae, 576, 115-128.
[28]	Ali Azizi, E., Wagner, C. and Honermeier, B. (2009) Intraspecific diversity and relationship between subspecies of Origanum vulgare revealed by comparative AFLP and SAMPL marker analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 281, 151-160. doi:10.1007/s00606-009-0197-1
[29]	Lawrence, B. (1984) The botanicaland chemical aspects of oregano. Parfumer and Flovorits, 9, 41-51.
[30]	D’Antuono, L.F., Galleti, G.C. and Bocchini, P. (2000) Variability of essential oil content and composition of Origanum vulgare L. populations from a North Mediterranean Area (Liguria Region, Northern Italy). Annals of Botany, 86, 471-478. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1205
[31]	Duke, J. and Baxter, H. (1993) Phytochemical dictionary: A handbook of bioactive compounds from plants. Taylor and Francis, London.
[32]	Fleisher, A. and Sneer, N. (1982) Oregano spices and Origanum chemotypes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33, 441-446. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740330508
[33]	Marzi, V., Fortunato, F., Circella, G., Picci, V. and Melegari, M. (1992) Origano resultati ottenuti nellambito del progett. Agricultura, 132, 71-89.
[34]	Papadhopulli, G. (1976) Bim?t mjek?sore t? Shqip?ris?. Tiran?, 203 p.
[35]	Dorotea, M. (2005) Tekniche termoanalitiche applicate allo studio di composti e sitemi colloidali biologicamente attivi. Dottorato in Tecnologie delle.
[36]	Honermeier, B. (2010) Genetic, chemical and agro-morphological evaluation of the medicinal plant Origanum vulgare L. for marker assisted improvement of pharmaceutical quality. Justus Liebig University Giessen Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 64.
[37]	SPSS-16 (2004) Statistical package program.
[38]	Lagouri, V., Blekas, G., Tsimidou, M., Kokkini, S. and Boskou, D. (1993) Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from oregano plants grown wild in Greece. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 197, 20-23. doi:10.1007/BF01202694
[39]	Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Scott, C., Murcia, A., Butler, J., Halliwell, B. and Aruoma, O.I. (1994) Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 31-36. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90033-4
[40]	Mastro, G.D. (1997) Crop domestication and variability within accessions of Origanum genus. In: Padulosi, S., Ed., Oregano Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop, Bari, 8-12 May 1996, 34-48.
[41]	Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Gonzales-Aguilar, G. and Del-ToroSanchez, L. (2009) Lavoro di ricerca originale. Enhancing safety and aroma appealing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables using the antimicrobial and aromatic power of essential oils. Journal of Food Science, 74, 84-91. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01294.x
[42]	Falconieri, D. (2011) Estrazione di composti biologicamente attivi da piante della Sardegna. Settori Scientifico Disciplinari di Afferenza Chim/10 Chimica Degli Alimanti Chim/09 Farmaceutico Tecnologico Applicativo, 144-145.
[43]	Gounaris, Y., Skoula, M., Fournaraki, C., Drakakaki, G. and Makris, A. (2002) Comparison of essential oils and geneticrelationship of Origanum × intercedens to its parental taxa in the island of Crete. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 30, 249-258. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00079-5
[44]	Putievsky, E., Ravid, U. and Dud, N. (1988) Phenological and seasonal influences on essential oil of a cultivated clone of Origanum vulgare L. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 43, 225-228. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740430304
[45]	Aliu, S., Gashi, B., Rusinovci, I., Fetahu, Sh. and Vataj, R. (2013) Effects of some heavy metals in some morphphysiological parameters in maize seedlings. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 9, 27-33.
[46]	Azizi, A., Yan, F. and Honermeier. B. (2009) Herbage yield, essential oil content and composition of three oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations as affected by soil moisture regimes and nitrogen supply. Industrial Crops and Products, 2, 554-561.