Hakka Genealogical Metadata Principles and Practicalities

Chen-Chi Chang^*, Ruey-Ming Chao Chao, Ting-Yu Wu

Institute of Information and Society, National United University, Miaoli City.

DOI: 10.4236/sn.2013.22007                

Abstract

Genealogy (Zupu in Chinese) is the history of families. Genealogy has been widely used for the tracing of their lineages and history. Hakka is a special Chinese ethnic group. To explore the origin and history of Hakka people and their culture, this study starts with the genealogy. After several Hakka genealogies collected, the content analysis is performed in this study. According to the qualitative data analyses, this study designs the pedigree metadata standards for Hakka to implement the union catalog. The Hakka Pedigree Metadata is comprised of many individual family and ancestors, each of which has a process in place for archiving and distribution of genealogy. Hakka genealogical metadata contains the following types of constructs. 1) Pedigree: use given name and lines expressed the genetically related. 2) Individual: describe the personal information. 3) Family History: the story of the ancestors is narrated. 4) Bibliography: description of the genealogical book. 5) Miscellany: included the unique documents that could not categorized in the above four classification. Results of this study can be applied to genealogies integration and implement the union catalog.

Keywords

Hakka Genealogy; Genealogy; Metadata; Pedigree; Pedigree Chart

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	R. C. Griffiths and P. Marjoram, “Ancestral Inference from Samples of DNA Sequences with Recombination,” Journal of Computational Biology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1996, pp. 479-502. doi:10.1089/cmb.1996.3.479
[2]	A. J. Drummond, et al., “Estimating Mutation Parameters, Population History and Genealogy Simultaneously from Temporally Spaced Sequence Data,” Genetics, Vol. 161, No. 3, 2002, pp. 1307-1320.
[3]	C. L. Liaw, “The Chinese genealogy,” SMC Co., Ltd., Taipei, 2003.
[4]	J. M. Meskill, “The Chinese Genealogy as a Research Source,” Family and Kinship in Chinese Society, Calif, 1970, pp. 139-161.
[5]	K. C. Zatloukal and N. J. A. Harvey, “Family Trees: An Ordered Dictionary with Optimal Congestion, Locality, Degree, and Search Time,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, New Orleans, 11-14 January 2004, pp. 308-317.
[6]	M. K. Kuhner, “Coalescent Genealogy Samplers: Windows into Population History,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2009, pp. 86-93. doi:10.1089/cmb.1996.3.479
[7]	“Ancestry,” 2012. http://www.ancestry.com/
[8]	National Central Library, “Taiwan Memory,” 2012. http://memory.ncl.edu.tw/tm_cgi_test/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=about_tm_e.hpg
[9]	C. Chen, et al., “The Design of Metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan,” Online Information Re- view, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2002, pp. 295-306. doi:10.1108/14684520210447868
[10]	C. C. Yang and W. W. M. Chan, “Metadata Design for Chinese Medicine Digital Library Using XML,” Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, 4-7 January 2000, p. 10
[11]	Y.-N. Chen and S.-J. Chen, “An Analysis of Metadata Research and Application Development in LIS Based on a Hybrid Approach of Quantity and Quality,” Bulletin of Library and Information Science, No. 55, 2005, pp. 51- 77.
[12]	L. Dempsey and R. Heery, “A Review of Metadata: A Survey of Current Resource Description Formats,” The UK Office for Library and Information Networking, 1997.
[13]	DCMI, “Dublin Core Metadata Initiative,” 2012. http://dublincore.org/documents/usageguide/
[14]	GEDCOM, 2012. http://www.gedcoms.com/
[15]	GedML, “GedML: Genealogical Data in XML,” 2012. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/michael.h.kay/gedml/index. html
[16]	GEDC, “GEDC—An XML-Based Standard for Genealogy,” 2012. http://www.sunflower.com/~billk/GEDC/
[17]	GEDCOMX, “GEDCOM X,” 2012. http://www.gedcomx.org/Data-Models.html
[18]	J.-X. Xie, “The Hakkas Whose Roots Are in Central Plains,” Journal of Huanghe S&T University, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2007, pp. 15-19.
[19]	X.-J. Li and X.-Y. Li, “On Hakka’s Values from Family Rules and Instructions of Their Pedigree Records,” Journal of Longyan University, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2005, pp. 71- 73.
[20]	S. Xie, “Hakka formation Development Outline of History,” South China University of Technology Press, Guang- zhou, 2001
[21]	X.-Y. Li, “Values Reflected in the Family Rules and Re- gulations of Hakka Genealogy,” Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), Vol. 28, No. 3, 2006, pp. 77-80.