Measurement of temperature changes during cavitation generated by an erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser

Harry Huiz Peeters, Latief Mooduto

Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Laser Research Center, Bandung, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.4236/ojst.2012.24050                

Abstract

Aim: The present study evaluated the magnitude of temperature changes in the tooth during cavitation produced by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Methods: The root canal of a single extracted maxillary canine was enlarged to a size 30/.02 file. Four thermocouples were attached to the tooth: one to the surface of the root and three inserted into the canal at 3, 9, and 15 mm from the apical foramen, respectively. The tooth was placed in a plastic container at room temperature around 25°C. The tooth was processed as follows. In the EDTA condition, the tooth was irrigated with 17% EDTA; in the NaOCl condition, the tooth was irrigated with 3% NaOCl; and to analyse the effect of different thicknesses of dentin, the tooth was irrigated with tap water. In all conditions, the irrigants were activated at 2 W for 120 seconds. Results: The mean temperature was 25.2°C to 27.1°C and the temperature ranged from 25.0°C to 29.6°C. The temperature elevation measured during cavitation generated by the laser didnot exceed 5°C. Conclusions: The magnitude of the temperature changes in the root canal and at the surface of the tooth did not exceed 5°C when laser-driven irrigation was used to produce cavitation in the root canal.

Keywords

Cavitation; Heat; Laser-Driven Irrigation; Temperature Changes

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Gutmann, J.L. (2011) Problem solving in endodontics: Prevention, identification, and management. Problem Solving in Endodontics (5th Edition), 209-217. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-06888-8.00011-8
[2]	Blanken, J., De Moor, R.J.G., Meire, M. and Verdaasdonk, R. (2009) Laser induced explosive vapor and cavitation resulting in effective irrigation of the root canal. Part 1: A visualization study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 41, 514-519. doi:10.1002/lsm.20798
[3]	Tay, F.R., Gu, L.S., Schoeffel, G.J., et al (2010) Effect of vapour lock on root canal debridement by using a sidevebted needle for possitive-pressure irrigant delivery. Journal of Endodontics, 36, 745-750. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.022
[4]	George, R., Rutley, E.B. and Walsh, L.J. (2008) Evaluation of smear layer: A comparison of automated image analysis versus expert observers. Journal of Endodontics, 34, 999-1002. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.05.003
[5]	Yamazaki, R., Goya, C., Yu, D.G., Kimura, Y. and Matsumoto, K. (2001) Effects of Erbium, Chromium: YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls: A scanning electron microscopic and thermographic study. Journal of Endo-dontics, 27, 9-12. doi:10.1097/00004770-200101000-00003
[6]	Peeters, H.H. and Suardita, K. (2011) Efficacy of smear layer removal at the root tip by using ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid and erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser. Journal of Endodontics, 37, 1585-1589. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.022
[7]	Hmud, R., Kahler, W.A., George, R. and Walsh, L.J. (2010) Cavitational effects in aqueous endodontic irrigants generated by near-infrared lasers. Journal of Endodontics, 36, 275-278. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.012
[8]	Maziar, Mir., Gutknecht, N., Poprawe, R., Vanweersch, L. and Lampert, F. (2009) Visualising the procedures in the influence of water on the ablation of dental hard tissue with erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet and erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser pulses. Lasers in Medical Science, 24, 365-374. doi:10.1007/s10103-008-0571-1
[9]	Blanken, J.W. and Verdaasdonk, R.M. (2007) Cavitation as a working mechanism of the Er, Cr:YSGG laser in endodontics: A visualization study. Journal of Oral Laser Applications, 7, 97-106.
[10]	Tomita, Y. and Shima, A. (1986) Mechanisms of impulsive pressure generation and damage pit formation by bubble collapse. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 169, 535-564. doi:10.1017/S0022112086000745
[11]	Ebeling, K.J. and Lauterborn, W. (1977) High speed holo cinematography using spatial multiplexing for image separation. Optics Communications, 21, 67. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(77)90080-3
[12]	George, R., Meyers, I.A. and Walsh, L.J. (2008) Laser activation of endodontic irrigants with improved conical laser fiber tips for removing smear layer in the apical third of the root canal. Journal of Endodontics, 34, 1524-1527. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.029
[13]	Woodmansey, K.F. (2005) Intra canal heating of sodium hypochlorite: An improved endodontic irrigation technique. Dentistry Today, 24, 114-116.
[14]	Sirtes, G., Waltimo, T., Scgaetzle, M. and Zehnder, M. (2005) The effects of temperature on sodium hypochlorite short-term stability, pulp dissolution capacity, and antim-icrobial efficacy. Journal of Endodontics, 31, 669-671. doi:10.1097/01.don.0000153846.62144.d2
[15]	Erikson, A.R. and Albrektsson, T. (1983) Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone loss tissue injury: A vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 50, 101-107. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(83)90174-9
[16]	Gluskin, A.H., Ruddle, C.J. and Zinman, E.J. (2005) Thermal injury through heat transfer using ultrasonic devices: Precautions and practical preventive strategies. Journal of the American Dental Association, 136, 1286-1293.
[17]	Giardino, L., Ambu, E., Becce, C., Rimondini, L. and Morra, M. (2006) Surface tension comparison of four common root canal irrigants and two new irrigants containing antibiotic. Journal of Endodontics, 32, 1091-1093. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2006.05.008
[18]	Ram, Z. (1977) Effectiveness of root canal irrigation. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology, 44, 306-311. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(77)90285-7
[19]	Druttman, A.C. and Stock, C.J. (1989) An in vitro comparison of ultrasonic and conventional methods of irrigant replacement. International Endodontic Journal, 22, 174-178.
[20]	Abou-Rass, M. and Patonai, F.J. (1982) The effects of decreasing surface tension on the flow of irrigating solution in narrow root canals. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology, 53, 524-526. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(82)90470-4
[21]	Weller, R.N., Brady, J.N. and Bernier, W.E. (1980) Efficacy of ultrasonic cleaning. Journal of Endodontics, 6, 740-743. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(80)80185-3
[22]	Van der Sluis, L.M.W., Wu, M.K., Verlius, M. and Wes-selink, P.R. (2007) Passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: A review of the literature. International Endodontic Journal, 40, 415-426. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01243.x
[23]	Stabholz, A., Sahar-Helft, S. and Moshonov, J. (2004) Laser in endodontics. Dental Clinics of North America, 48, 809-832. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2004.05.012
[24]	De Moor, R.J.G., Torbeyns, D. and Meire, M. (2009) Lasers in endodontics. Part 2: Root canal wall cleanliness and modification. Endodontic Practice Today, 3, 19-33.
[25]	Kimura, Y., Wilder-Smith, P. and Matsumoto, K. (2000) Laser in endodontics: A review. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 173-185. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00280.x
[26]	Meire, M. and De Moor, R.J.G. (2007) Lasers in endo-dontics: Laser disinfection, an added value? Endodontic Practice Today, 1, 159-172.
[27]	Matsuoka, E., Jayawardena, J.A. and Matsumoto, K. (2005) Morphological study of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser for root canal preparation in mandibular incisors with curved root canals. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 23, 480-484. doi:10.1089/pho.2005.23.480
[28]	Ali, M.N., Hossain, M., Nakamura, Y., Matsuoka, E., Kinoshita, J. and Matsumoto, K. (2005) Efficacy of root canal preparation by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with crown-down technique in vitro. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 23, 196-201. doi:10.1089/pho.2005.23.196
[29]	Ishizaki, N.T., Matsumoto, K., Kimura, Y., Wang, X., Kinoshita, J., Okano, S.M. and Jayawardena, J.A. (2004) Thermographical and morphological studies of Er,Cr: YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 22, 291-297. doi:10.1089/pho.2004.22.291
[30]	Varella, C. and Pileggi, R. (2007) Obturation of root canal system treated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation. Journal of Endodontics, 9, 1091-1093. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.05.012
[31]	George, R. and Walsh, L.J. (2008) Apical extrusion of root canal irrigants when using Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers with optical fibers: An in vitro dye study. Journal of Endodontics, 34, 706-708. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.03.003
[32]	Sauk, J.J., Noris, K., Foster, R., Moehring, J. and Somerman, M.J. (1988) Expression of heat stress proteins by human periodontal ligament cells. Journal of Oral Pathology, 17, 496-499. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01323.x
[33]	Matthews, L.S. and Hirsch, C. (1972) Temperatures measured in human cortical bone when drilling. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American, 54, 297-308.
[34]	Eriksson, A., Albrektsson, T., Grane, B. and McQueen, D. (1982) Thermal injury to bone. A vital-microscopic descryption of heat effects. International Journal of Oral Surgery, 11, 115-121. doi:10.1016/S0300-9785(82)80020-3
[35]	Cameron, J.A. (1988) The effect of ultrasonic endodontics on the temperature of the root canal wall. Journal of Endodontics, 14, 554-559. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(88)80090-6
[36]	Marco, Z., Ove, A.P. and Frank, P. (2009) Temperature changes during ultrasonic irrigation with different inserts and modes of activation. Journal of Endodontics, 35, 573-577. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.007