Placenta related pathogenic factors for preeclampsia

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening complication of pregnancy. The precise origin of PE remains obscure. Placenta has been considered to play a central role in its pathology. Here we present a brief overlook of placenta related pathogenic factors that might be involved in the pathology changes of PE. A series of factors that correlated with placenta pathology have been regarded attributed to the mechanism of the disease. Some of the factors may be confirmed to be useful biomarkers in the early prediction and monitoring of the disease in a future.

Share and Cite:

Chen, Y. and Zhang, Z. (2012) Placenta related pathogenic factors for preeclampsia. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2, 340-345. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2012.24072.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Simon, G., Corinne, R., Rosanna, Z.-D., Sevgi, T., Wolf-gang, H., Sinuhe, H. and Olav, L. (2009) Potential markers of preeclampsia: A review. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 7, 70. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-70
[2] Franziska, P. and Mark, A.B. (2012) The management of pre-eclampsia: What we think we know. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 160, 6-12. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.049
[3] Hacker, G.H. (2010) Hacker and Moore’s essentials of obstetrics and gynecology. 5th Edition, SUNDERS.
[4] Gustaaf, A., Dekker, G., Baha, M. and Sibai, B. (1998) Etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia: Current concepts. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 179, 1359-1375. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70160-7
[5] Hertig, A. and Liere, P. (2010) New markers in preeclampsia. Clinica Chimica Acta, 411, 1591-1595. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.020
[6] Julie, A.W., Johnson B.L., Cam, T.H. and Gabriela, S.D. (2008) Murine pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 23 induces the proangiogenic factors transforming-growth factor beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor a in cell types involved in vascular remodeling in pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction, 79, 1054-1061. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.070268
[7] Melissa, L.W., Daniel, H.D., Murphy, T.G., David, A.M. and Sue, A.I. (2009) Maternal and fetal variants in the TGF-beta3 gene and risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in a predominantly latino population. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 201, 295.e1-295.e5.
[8] Maynard, S., Epstein, F.H. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2008) PE and angiogenic imbalance. Annual Review of Medicine, 59, 61-78. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.110106.214058
[9] Venkatesha, S., Toporsian, M., Lam, C., Hanai, J., Mammoto, T., Kim, Y.M., Bdolah, Y., Lim, K.H., Yuan, H.T., Libermann, T.A., Stillman, I.E., Roberts, D., D’Amore, P.A., Epstein, F.H., Sellke, F.W., Romero, R., Sukhatme, V.P., Letarte, M. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2006) Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nature Medicine, 12, 642-649. doi:10.1038/nm1429
[10] Stepan, H., Geipel, A., Schwarz, F., Kramer, T., Wessel, N. and Faber, R. (2008) Circulatory soluble endoglin and its predictive value for preeclampsia in second-trimester pregnancies with abnormal uterine perfusion. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 198, 175-176. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.08.052
[11] Romero, R., Nien, J.K., Espinoza, J., Todem, D., Fu, W., Chung, H., Kusanovic, J.P., Gotsch, F., Erez, O., Mazaki-Tovi, S., Gomez, R., Edwin, S., Chaiworapongsa, T., Levine, R.J. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2008) A longitudinal study of angiogenic (placental growth factor) and anti-angiogenic (soluble endoglin and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1) factors in normal pregnancy and patients destined to develop preeclampsia and deliver a small for gestational age neonate. Journal of Maternal-Feta
[12] Jeyabalan, A., McGonigal, S., Gilmour, C., Hubel, C.A. and Rajakumar, A. (2008) Circulating and placental endoglin concentrations in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. Placenta, 29, 555-563. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.03.006
[13] Stepan, H., Kramer, T. and Faber, R. (2007) Maternal plasma concentrations of soluble endoglin in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 2831-2834. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2774
[14] Luisi, S., Florio, P., Reis, F.M. and Petraglia, F. (2005) Inhibins in female and male reproductive physiology: Role in gametogenesis, conception, implantation and early pregnancy. Human Reproduction Update, 11, 123-135. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh057
[15] Muttukrishna, S., North, R.A., Morris, J., Schellenberg, J.C. and Taylor, R.S. (2000) Serum inhibin A and activin A are elevated prior to the onset of pre-eclampsia. Human Reproduction, 15, 1640-165. doi:10.1093/humrep/15.7.1640
[16] Aparna, R., Sangeeta, S., Ian, L.S., Christopher, W.G. and Shanthi, M. (2009) Maternal Circulating levels of Activin A, Inhibin A, sFlt-1 and endoglin at parturition in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. PLoS ONE, 4, e4453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004453
[17] Shin-Young, K., Hyun-Mee, R., Jae-Hyug, Y., Moon-Young, K., Hyun-Kyong, A., Joong-Sik, S., Jun-Seek, C., So-Yeon, P., Jin-Mi, K., Bom-Yi, L., Do-Jin, K. (2006) Maternal serum and amniotic fluid Inhibin A levels in women who subsequently develop severe preeclampsia. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 21, 452-456. doi:10.3346/jkms.2006.21.3.452
[18] Ahmed, A., Li, X.F., Dunk, C., Whittle, M.J., Rushton, D.I. and Rollason, T. (1995) Colocalisation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its Flt-1 receptor in human placenta. Growth Factors, 12, 235-243. doi:10.3109/08977199509036883
[19] Khaliq, A., Li, X.F., Shams, M., Sisi, P., Acevedo, C.A., Whittle, M.J., Weich, H. and Ahmed, A. (1996) Localisation of placenta growth factor (PIGF) in human term placenta. Growth Factors, 13, 243-50. doi:10.3109/08977199609003225
[20] Ong, S., Lash, G. and Baker, P.N. (2000) Angiogenesis and placental growth in normal and compromised pregnancies. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 14, 969-980. doi:10.1053/beog.2000.0138
[21] Yelumalai, S., Muniandy, S., Zawiah, O.S. and Qvist, R.(2010) Pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. levels of angiogenic factors in malaysian women. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 47, 191-197. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-27
[22] Wikstrom, A.K., Larsson, A., Eriksson, U.J., Nash, P., Norden-Lindeberg, S. and Olovsson, M. (2007) Placental growth factor and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 109, 1368-1374. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000264552.85436.a1
[23] Chaiworapongsa, T., Romero, R., Kim, Y.M., Kim, G.J., Kim, M.R., Espinoza, J., Bujold, E., Goncalves, L., Gomez, R., Edwin, S. and Mazor, M. (2005) Plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 concentration is elevated prior to the clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 17, 3-18. doi:10.1080/14767050400028816
[24] EunSung, L., Min-Jeong, O., JaeWon, J., Ji-Eun, L., Hyun-Joo, S., Kyung-Ju, L. and Hai-Joong, K. (2007) The levels of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble Flt-1 in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 22, 94-98. doi:10.3346/jkms.2007.22.1.94
[25] Gastrich, M.D., Faro, R. and Rosen, T. (2010) Markers of preeclampsia and the relationship to cardiovascular disease. Review of the twenty-first century literature. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 23, 751-769. doi:10.3109/14767058.2010.481316
[26] Verlohren, S., Galindo, A., Schlembach, D., Zeisler, H., Herraiz, I., Moertl, M.G., Pape, J., Dudenhausen, J.W., Denk, B. and Stepan, H. (2010) An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 202, 161.e1-161.e11.
[27] Nicolaides, K.H., Bindra, R. and Turan, O.M. (2006) A novel approach to first-trimester screening for early pre-eclampsia combining serum PP-13 and Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 27, 13-17. doi:10.1002/uog.2686
[28] Burger, O., Pick, E. and Zwickel, J. (2004) Placental protein 13 (PP-13): Effects on cultured trophoblasts, and its detection in human body fluids in normal and pathological pregnancies. Placenta, 25, 608-622. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2003.12.009
[29] Chafetz, I., Kuhnreich, I. and Sammar, M. (2007) First-trimester placental protein 13 screening for preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 197, 35.e1-35.e7.
[30] Nandor, G.T., Roberto, R., Renate, H., Veronica, C., Guiying, N. and Berthold, H. (2008) Prediction of preeclampsia—A workshop report. Placenta, 29, S83-S85. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.10.008
[31] Hernan, D., Kopcow, S. and Ananth, K. (2007) Angiogenic factors and Natural Killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 76, 23-29. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2007.03.018
[32] Norma, C.S. (2006) Immunology and genetic of preeclampsia. Clinical & Developmental Immunology, 13, 197-201. doi:10.1080/17402520600876903
[33] Tai-Ho, H., Charnock-Jones, D.S., Jeremy, N.S. and Graham, J.B. (2004) Secretion of tumor necrosis factor from human placental tissues induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation causes endothelial cell activation in vitro: A potential mediator of the inflammatory response in preeclam psia. American Journal of Pathology, 164, 1049-1061. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63192-6
[34] Michael, C., Catalin, S.B., Guomao, Z., Edmund, F.F., Errol, R., Norwitz, E.K, Charles, J.L. and Irina, A.B. (2008) Fractional excretion of tumor necrosis factor-α in women with severe preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 112, 93-100. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817c4304
[35] Charles, J.L., Chih-Feng, Y., Murat, B., Umit, A., Kayisli, M.M., Irina, B., Catalin, B.S., Joseph, H., Graciela, K. and Frederick, S. (2008) Preeclampsia-related inflammatory cytokines regulate interleukin-6 expression in human decidual cells. The American Journal of Pathology, 172, 1571-1579. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070629
[36] Jacek, R., Wilczynski, H.T., Ewa, G., Malgorzata, B., Przemyslaw, L., Marian, S., Krzysztof, Z. and Jan, W. (2002) Cytokine secretion by decidual lymphocytes in transient hypertension of pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Mediators of Inflammation, 11, 105-111. doi:10.1080/09629350220131962
[37] Tavakkol, A.J., Ghomian, N., Shameli, A., Shakeri, M.T., Fahmidehkar, M.A., Mahaje, E., Khoshnavaz, R. and Emadzadeh, M. (2005) Determination of Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in iranian-khorasanian patients with preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 5, 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-5-14
[38] Bersinger, N.A., Smarason, A.K. and Muttukrishna, S. (2003) Women with preeclampsia have increased serum levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein a (PAPP- A), inhibin A, activin A, and soluble E-selectin. Hypertens Pregnancy, 22, 45-55. doi:10.1081/PRG-120016794
[39] Hughes, G., Bischof, P., Wilson, G. and Klopper, A. (1980) Assay of a placental protein to determine fetal risk. BMJ, 280, 671-673. doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6215.671
[40] Canini, S., Prefumo, F. and Pastorino, D. (2008) Association between birth weight and first-trimester free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Fertility and Sterility, 89, 174-178. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.024
[41] Toop, K. and Klopper, A. (1981) Concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in patients with pre-eclamptic toxaemia. Placenta Supplement, 3, 167-173.
[42] Fleming, C.E., Nunes, A.F. and Sousa, M.M. (2009) Transthyretin: More than meets the eye. Progress in Neurobiology, 89, 266-276. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.007
[43] Landers, K.A., McKinnon, B.D., Li, H., Subramaniam, V.N., Mortimer, R.H. and Richard, K. (2009) Carriermediated thyroid hormone transport into placenta by placental transthyretin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, 2610-2616. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0048
[44] Ulrich, P., Franka, S., Claudia, R., Toralf, R., Werner, R. and Michael, O.G. (2010) Multifactorial analysis of affinity-mass spectrometry data from serum protein samples: A strategy to distinguish patients with preeclampsia from matching control individuals. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 21, 1699-1711. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2009.12.013
[45] Liu, C., Zhang, N., Yu, H., Chen, Y., Liang, Y., Deng, H. and Zhang, Z. (2011) Proteomic analysis of human serum for Finding pathogenic factors and potential biomarkers in preeclampsia. Placenta, 32, 168-174. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.11.007
[46] David, M.C., Christian, D. and Anna, F.D. (2008) Novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 18, 186-194. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2008.07.002

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.