Evidence for the independent divergence of vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria from the same origin

Kenji Sorimachi, Teiji Okayasu, Shuji Ohhira, Ichio Fukasawa, Nobuhide Masawa

Center of Medical Informatics, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
Department of Anatomic Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
Laboratory for International Environmental Health, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/ns.2012.47064                

Abstract

The examination of organelle nucleotide contents across a range of groups can provide insight into evolutionary history. We compared the nucleotide contents of a large number of vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria in both coding/non-coding regions and complete strands. For most nucleotides tested, high regression coefficients were obtained; when plotted with lines of best fit, G and T contents formed a cuneiform, and C and A contents overlapped. These findings suggest that vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria descended independently from the same origin.

Keywords

Evolution; Genome; Mitochondria;Nucleotide Contents; Vertebrate; Invertebrate

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Zuckerkandl, E. and Pauling, L.B. (1962) Molecular disease, evolution, and genetic heterogeneity. In: Kasha, M. and Pullman, B., Eds., Horizons in Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York, 189-225.
[2]	Dayhoff, M.O., Park, C.M. and McLaughlin, P.J. (1977) Building a phylogenetic trees: Cytochrome C. In: Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Foundation, Washington DC, 5, 7-16.
[3]	Sogin, M.L., Elwood, H.J. and Gunderson, J.H. (1986) Evolutionary diver-sity of eukaryotic small subunit rRNA genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 83, 1383-1387. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.5.1383
[4]	de Pouplana, L.R., Turner, R.J., Steer, B.A. and Schimmel P. (1998) Genetic code origins: tRNAs older than their synthetases? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 11295-11300.
[5]	Doolittle, W.F. and Brown, J.R. (1994) Tempo, mode, the progenote, and the universal root. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 6721-6728.
[6]	Maizels, N. and Weiner, A.M. (1994) Phylogeny from function: Evidence from the molecular fossil record that tRNA originated in replication, not translation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 6729- 6734.
[7]	Okayasu, T. and Sorimachi, K. (2008) Organisms can essentially be classified according to two codon patterns. Amino Acids, 36, 261-271. doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0059-0
[8]	Sorimachi, K. (2010) Evoution based on genome structure: “The diagonal genome universe”. National Sciences, 2, 1104-1112.
[9]	Sorimachi, K. (2010) Genome data provides simple evidence for a single origin of life. National Sciences, 2, 519-525.
[10]	Sorimachi, K. (2010) Codon evolution in double-stranded organelle DNA: Strong regulation of homonucleotides and their analog alternations. National Sciences, 2, 846- 854.
[11]	Sorimachi, K. and Okayasu, T. (2008) Codon evolution is governed by linear for-mulas. Amino Acids, 34, 661-668. doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0024-3
[12]	Sorimachi, K. and Oka-yasu, T. (2008) Universal rules governing genome evolution expressed by linear formulas. Open Journal of Genomics, 1, 33-43. doi:10.2174/1875693X00801010033
[13]	Janvier, P. (2010) microRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate diver-gence and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 19137- 19138. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014583107
[14]	Yang, D., Oyaizu, Y., Oyaizu, H., Olsen, G.J. and Woese, C.R. (1985) Mitochondrial Origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 82, 4443-4447. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.13.4443
[15]	Lang, B.F., Burger, G., O’Kelly, C.J., Cedergren, R., Golding, B., Lemieux, C., Sankoff, D., Turmel, M. and Gray, M.W. (1997) An ancestral mitochon-drial DNA resembling a eubacterial genome in miniature. Nature, 387, 493-497. doi:10.1038/387493a0