Soybean Seed Phenol, Lignin, and Isoflavones Partitioning as Affected by Seed Node Position and Genotype Differences

Abstract

Factors controlling the production and partitioning of seed phenolics within soybean are not understood. Understanding these factors may justify selection for higher levels of seed phenolics because of their beneficial impact on human health and soybean defense mechanism against diseases. The objective of this research was to investigate the partitioning of seed phenolics (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones) along the main stem of soybean genotypes. A repeated green- house experiment was conducted on different soybean genotypes of different maturity and different stem archi-tecture (determinate and indeterminate). Genotypes were DT 97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV; Stressland, MG IV; Hutcheson, MG V; and Tracy-M, MG VI. Seed were harvested from top and bottom nodes at seed-fill stage (R6) and harvest ma- turity stage (R8). At R6, seed phenolic compounds (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein) were greater in the bottom seed than the top seed. This trend was observed in DT 97-4290, Tracy-M, and Hutcheson, but not in Stressland. Also, this trend was more obvious with daidzein and genistein isoflavones than glycitein. The maximum phenolic compounds were recorded at R8. The higher phenolic compounds concentration in bottom seed than in top seed was accompanied by higher cell wall boron (B) percentage and lower total B in bottom seed. The current research demonstrated that phenolic compounds partitioned differently between the top and bottom seed nodes. This trend cannot be generalized in soybean genotypes unless enough germplasm is tested. The partitioning of higher phenolic compounds concentration along the main stem would allow for single seed selection in the breeding program for higher levels of phenolic compounds and for accurate measurements of seed phenolics in breeding lines. The associa- tion of B trend with phenolic compound trend may suggest B involvement in phenolic metabolism, and support the structural role of B. Breeding for higher levels of phenolics, especially isoflavones, would benefit human health, pro- vide higher nutritional value of soy meal, and increase plant disease resistance.

Share and Cite:

N. Bellaloui, "Soybean Seed Phenol, Lignin, and Isoflavones Partitioning as Affected by Seed Node Position and Genotype Differences," Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 4, 2012, pp. 447-454. doi: 10.4236/fns.2012.34064.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] A. Hou, P. Chen, J. Alloatti, D. Li, L. Mozzoni, B. Zhang and A. Shi, “Genetic Variability of Seed Sugar Content in Worldwide Soybean Germplasm Collection,” Crop Science, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2009, pp. 903-912. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.05.0256
[2] N. Bellaloui, J. R. Smith, J. D. Ray and A. M. Gillen, “Effect of Maturity on Seed Composition in the Early Soybean Production System as Measured on Near-Isogenic Soybean Lines,” Crop Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2009, pp. 608-620. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.04.0192
[3] N. Bellaloui, J. R. Smith, A. M. Gillen and J. D. Ray, “Effect of Maturity on Seed Sugars as Measured on NearIsogenic Soybean (Glycine max) Lines,” Crop Science, Vol. 50, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1978-1987. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0596
[4] N. Bellaloui, J. R. Smith, A. M. Gillen and J. D. Ray, “Effects of Maturity, Genotypic Background, and Temperature on Seed Mineral Composition in Near-Isogenic Soybean Lines in the Early Soybean Production System,” Crop Science, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2011, pp. 1161-1171. doi:10.2135/cropsci2010.04.0187
[5] G. Sakthivelu, M. K. A. Devi, P. Giridhar, T. Rajasekaran, G. A. Ravishankar, M. T. Nikolova, G. B. Angelov, R. M. Todorova and G. P. Kosturkova, “Isoflavone Composition, Phenol Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Soybean Seeds from India and Bulgaria,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 6, 2008, pp. 2090-2095. doi:10.1021/jf072939a
[6] S. M. Potter, J. A. Baum, H. Y. Teng, R. J. Stillman, N. F. Shay and J. W. Erdman, “Soy Protein and Isoflavones: Their Effects on Blood Lipids and Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 68, 1998, pp.1375s-1379s.
[7] Wikipedia, Natural Phenol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol_verified_11-17-2011.
[8] A. J. Peltier, R. D. Hatfield and C. R. Grau, “Soybean Stem Lignin Concentration Relates to Resistance to Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum,” Plant Diseases, Vol. 93, No. 2, 2009, pp. 149-154. doi:10.1094/PDIS-93-2-0149
[9] L. A. Rogers and M. M. Campbel, “The Genetic Control of Lignin Deposition during Plant Growth and Development,” New Phytologist, Vol. 164, No. 1, 2004, pp. 17-30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01143.x
[10] V. Lattanzio, M. Veronica, T. Lattanzio and A. Cardinali, “Role of Phenolics in the Resistance Mechanisms of Plants against Fungal Pathogens and Insects. Phytochemistry: Advances in Research,” Research Signpost, Kerala, 2006, pp. 23-67.
[11] A. R. Knaggs, “The Biosynthesis of Shikimate Metabolites,” Natural Product Reports, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2001, pp. 334-355. doi:10.1039/b001717p
[12] R. A. Dixon, “Isoflavonoids: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biological Functions,” In: U. Sankawa, Ed., Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 773-823.
[13] C. C. Sheaffer, J. H. Orf, T. E. Devine and J. G. Jewell, “Yield and Quality of Forage Soybean,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2001, pp. 99-106. doi:10.2134/agronj2001.93199x
[14] S. Seiter, C. E. Altemose and M. H. Davis, “Forage Soybean Yield and Quality Responses to Plant Density and Row Distance,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2004, pp. 966-970. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0966
[15] R. W. Hintz and K. A. Albrecht, “Dry Matter Partitioning and Forage Nutritive Value of Soybean Plant Components,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 86, No. 1, 1994, pp. 59-62. doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010011x
[16] R. W. Hintz, K. A. Albrecht and E. S. Oplinger, “Yield and Quality of Soybean Forage as Affected by Cultivar and Management Practices,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 84, No. 5, 1992, pp. 795-798. doi:10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400050007x
[17] M. D. Casler, “Breeding Forage Crops for Increased Nutritional Value,” In: D. L. Sparks, Ed., Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001.
[18] J. R. Wilson, “Review: Cell Wall Characteristics in Relation to Forage Gigestion by Ruminants,” Journal of Agriculture Science, Vol. 122, 1994, pp. 173-182.
[19] J. P. Ride, “Biochemical Plant Pathology,” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Hoboken, 1983, pp. 215-235.
[20] H. J. G. Jung and D. A. Deetz, “Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility,” ASA, Madison, 1993, pp. 315346.
[21] A. R. M. Al-Tawaha, “Effect of Growth Stage and Pod Position on Soybean Seed Isoflavone Concentration,” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, Vol. 38, 2010, pp. 92-99.
[22] M. Messina, “Modern Applications for an Ancient Bean: Soybeans and the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 125, 1995, pp. 567569.
[23] T. Ranich, S. J. Bhathena and M. T. Velasquez, “Protective Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens in Chronic Renal Disease,” Journal of Renal Nutrition, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2001, pp. 183-193. doi:10.1016/S1051-2276(01)70036-2
[24] N. Chaves, J. C. Escudero and C. Gutierrez-Merino, “Role of Ecological Variables in the Seasonal Variation of Flavonoid Content of Cistus ladanifer Exudate,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2001, pp. 579-603. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006398.79306.09
[25] J. Parr and M. J. C. Rhodes, “Natural Plant Defense Mechanisms,” In: L. G. Copping, Ed., Protection Agents from Nature, Royal Society of Chemistry Education, London, 1996.
[26] C. Tsukamoto, S. Shimada, K. Igita, S. Kudou, M. Kokubun, K. Okubo and K. Kitamura, “Factors Affecting Isoflavones Content in Soybean Seeds: Changes in Isoflavones, Saponins, and Composition of Fatty Acids at Different Temperatures During Seed Development,” Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1995, pp. 1184-1192. doi:10.1021/jf00053a012
[27] S. A. Tiller and A. D. Parry, “Isoflavonoid Conjugates and Their Response to Developmental Change and Abiotic Stress in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.),” Acta Horticulture, Vol. 381, 1994, pp. 227-234.
[28] W. L. Kubasek, B. W. Shirley, A. McKillop, H. M. Goodman, W. Briggs and F. M. Ausubel, “Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes in Germinating Arabidopsis Seedlings,” Plant Cell, Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 1229-1236.
[29] E. Stapleton, “Ultraviolet Radiation and Plants: Burning Questions,” Plant Cell, Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 1353-1358.
[30] J. A. Hoeck, W. R. Fehr, P. A. Murphy and G. A. Welke, “Influence of Genotype and Environment on Isoflavone Contents of Soybean,” Crop Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2000, pp. 48-51. doi:10.2135/cropsci2000.40148x
[31] H. Wang and P. A. Murphy, “Isoflavone Composition of American and Japanese Soybeans in Iowa: Effects of Variety, Crop Year, and Location,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 42, No. 8, 1994, pp. 1674-1677. doi:10.1021/jf00044a017
[32] M. C. Carrao-Panizzi, A. D. Beleia, K. Kitamura and M. C. N. Oliveira, “Effects of Genetics and Environment on Isoflavone Content of Soybean from Different Regions of Brazil,” Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1999, pp. 1787-1795. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X1999001000004
[33] U. A. Hartwig, C. A. Maxwell, C. M. Joseph and D. A. Phillips, “Chrysoeriol and Luteolin Released from Alfalfa Seeds Induce Nod Genes in Rhizobium meliloti,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 92, No. 1, 1990, pp. 116-122. doi:10.1104/pp.92.1.116
[34] E. Chauser-Volfson and Y. Gutterman, “Content and Distribution of the Secondary Phenolic Compound Homonataloin in Aloe hereroensis Leaves According to Leaf Part, Position and Monthly Changes,” Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1997, pp. 115-122. doi:10.1006/jare.1997.0262
[35] J. R. Bordignon, S. P. Long and N. J. Engeseth, “Isoflavone Content in Soybean Seeds from Different Parts of Plants Grown Under Elevated Atmospheric CO2 or O3. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Antioxidants and Phytochemical Analysis,” International Food Safety and Quality Conference, Las Vegas, 12-16 July 2004.
[36] Y. Nakamura, A. Kaihara, K. Yoshii, Y. Tsumura, S. Ishimitsu and Y. Tonogai, “Content and Composition of Isoflavonoids in Mature or Immature Beans and Bean Sprouts Consumed in Japan,” Journal of Health Science, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2001, pp. 394-406. doi:10.1248/jhs.47.394
[37] G. S. Smith and T. D. Wyllie, “Charcoal Rot,” In: G. L. Hartmann, J. B. Sinclair and J. C. Rupe, Eds., Compendium of Soybean Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 1999, pp. 29-31.
[38] J. R. Smith, A. Mengistu, R. T. Nelson and R. L. Paris, “Identification of Soybean Accessions with High Germinability in High-temperature Environments,” Crop Science, Vol. 48, No. 6, 2008, pp. 2279-2288. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.01.0026
[39] N. Bellaloui and A. M. Gillen, “Soybean Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, N, and S Partitioning as Affected by Node Position and Cultivar Differences,” Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 1, 2010, pp. 110-118. doi:10.4236/as.2010.13014
[40] W. R. Fehr, C. E. Caviness, D. T. Burmood and J. S. Pennington, “Stage of Development Descriptions for Soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill,” Crop Science, Vol. 11, No. 6, 1971, pp. 929-931. doi:10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100060051x
[41] M. J. Morrison, E. R. Cober, M. F. Saleem, N. B. McLaughlin, J. Fregeau-Reid, B. L. Ma, W. Yan and L. Woodrow, “Changes in Isoflavone Concentration with 58 Years of Genetic Improvement of Short-Season Soybean Cultivars in Canada,” Crop Science, Vol. 48, No. 6, 2008, pp. 2201-2208. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.01.0023
[42] T. Sato, K. Eguchi, T. Hatano and Y. Nishiba, “Use of Near-Infra Red Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Estimation of Isoflavone Contents of Soybean Seeds,” Plant Production Science, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2008, pp. 481-486. doi:10.1626/pps.11.481
[43] P. J. C. Alvarez, F. C. Krzyzanowski, J. M. G. Mandarino and J. B. Franca-Neto, “Relationship between Soybean Seed Coat Lignin Content and Resistance to Mechanical Damage,” Seed Science and Technology, Vol. 25, 1997, pp. 209-214.
[44] F. C. Krzyzanowski, J. B. Franca-Neto, J. M. G. Mandarino and M. Kaster, “Comparison between Two Gravimetric Methods to Determine the Lignin Content in Soybean Seed Coat,” Seed Science and Technology, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2001, pp. 619-624.
[45] V. L. Singleton and J. A. Rossi, “Colorimetry of Total Phenolic with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents,” American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, Vol. 16, 1965, pp. 144-158.
[46] B. J. Xu and S. K. C. Chang, “A Comparative Study on Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Legumes as Affected by Extraction Solvents,” Journal of Food Science, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2007, pp. 159-166. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00260.x
[47] C. Dordas, G. E. Apostolides and O. Goundra, “Boron Application Affects Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Sugar Beets,” Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 145, No. 4, 2007, pp. 377-384. doi:10.1017/S0021859607006879
[48] G. Lohse, “Microanalytical Azomethine-H Method for Boron Determination in Plant Tissue,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1982, pp. 127-134. doi:10.1080/00103628209367251
[49] H. Hu and P. H. Brown, “Localization of Boron in Cell Walls of Squash and Tobacco and its Association with Pectin. Evidence for a Structural Role of Boron in the Cell Wall,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 105, 1994, pp. 681689.
[50] SAS, “SAS 9.1 TS Level 1M3, Windows Version 5.1.2600,” SAS Institute, Cary, 2001.
[51] N. Bellaloui and P. H. Brown, “Cultivar Differences in Boron Uptake and Distribution in Celery (Apium graveolens), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum),” Plant and Soil, Vol. 198, No. 2, 1998, pp. 153-158. doi:10.1023/A:1004343031242
[52] A. S. Malik, O. Boyko, N. Atkar and W. F. Young, “A Comparative Study of MR Imaging Profile of Titanium Pedicle Screws,” Acta Radiologica, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2001, pp. 291-293. doi:10.1080/028418501127346846

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.