A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI
Vladislav Sergeyevich Olkhovsky
.
DOI: 10.4236/ns.2010.23035   PDF    HTML     5,375 Downloads   11,193 Views   Citations

Abstract

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

Share and Cite:

Olkhovsky, V. (2010) A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI. Natural Science, 2, 228-245. doi: 10.4236/ns.2010.23035.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Boyd, R. (1983) On the current status of the issue of scientific realism. Erkenntnis, 45-50.
[2] Bird, A. (1998) Philosophy of science, UCL Press, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, London, 124.
[3] Niiniluotto, I. (2002) Critical scientific realism. Oxford University. Press.
[4] Quine, W.V.O. (1968) Ontological Relativity. Journal of Philosophy, LXV, 7, 185-212.
[5] Polkinghorne, J. (1991) Reason, and Reality, The Relationship Between Science and Theology, Trinity Press Internat, Philadelphia.
[6] McGrath, A.I. (2004) The science of God, T&T Clark International, London, 139-152.
[7] Kuhn, T.S. (1962; 2nd edition, 1970; 3rd edition, 1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
[8] Einstein, A. (1944) Remarks on Russel’s theory of knowledge, Philosophy of Bertrand Russel, Schlipp, A., Muschalek, H., Ed. (1950, 2nd ed.) Dio e gli scienziati [Translation in Italian from German (Original title: Gottbekenntnisse moderner Naturforscher) by Valeria Cremona ], Alba: Paoline, , 421, 30-31.
[9] von Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, repr. 1965) Gauss zum Ged?chtniss, S?ndig Reprint Verlag H. R. Wohlwend. http://www.amazon.de/Gauss-Ged?chtnis-Wolfgang-Sartorius-Waltershausen/dp/3253017028 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics. von Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (Autor)
[10] Popper, K.R. (1995) In Search of a Better World: Lec-tures and Essays “On knowledge”, from Thirty Years. Routledge.
[11] Bogolyubov, N.N., Medvedev, B.V. and Polivanov, M.K. Ed., Dispersion relations, transactions Problems of mod-ern Physics, N2 ;Arnold V.I., What is mathe-matics?, Moscow, MCNMO-press < 3.
[12] Galilei, G. (1623) II Saggiatore (in Italian) (Rome)
[13] Ginzburg, V.L. (1999) What problems of physics and astrophysics seem now to be especially important and interesting (30 years later, already on the verge of XXI century), Physics – Uspekhi, 42, 353-272; (2002) On some advances in physics and astronomy over the past 3 years, 45, 205-211.
[14] Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N. (1935) Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? Physical Review, 47, 777-780.
[15] Bohm, D. (1952) A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of “Hidden Variables” I, Physical Review, 85, 66-179; (1952) A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of “Hidden Variables” II, Physical Review, 85, 80-193; Bohm,D., Aharonov, Y. (1957) Discussion of Experimental Proof for the Paradox of Einstein, Rosen, and Podolsky, Physical Review, 108, 1070-1076; Aharonov, Y. and Bohm D., (1959) Significance of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory. Physical Review, 115, 485-491; Bohm, D. and Aharonov, Y. (1960) Further discussion of possible experimental tests for the paradox of einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, N.C. 17, 964; Aharonov, Y. and Bohm D. (1962) Remarks on the possibility of quantum electrodynamics without potentials, Physical Review, 125, 192;Aharonov, Y. and Bohm D. (1963) Further discussion of the role of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory. Physical Review, 130, 1625.
[16] Bell, J.S. (1964) On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. Physics, 195-200 [Bell, J.S. (1965)On the Ein-stein-Poldolsky-Rosen paradox, Physics 1, 195-200] ,Bell, J.S, (1987) Speakable and unspeakable in quantum me-chanics. Cambridge University Press.
[17] Pais, A. (1979) Einstein and the quantum theory. Reviews of Modern Physics, 51, 863-914.
[18] Popper, K. (1982) A critical note on the greatest days of quantum theory. Foundations of Physics, 12, 971-976.
[19] Holland, P.R. (1993) The quantum theory of motion: an account of the de broglie-bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cam-bridge.
[20] Mermin, N.D. (1993) Hidden variables and the two theorems of john bell. Reviews of Modern Physics, 65, 803-815.
[21] Paty, M. (1995) The nature of Einstein’s objections to the copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. Found. Phys., 25, 183-204.
[22] Dürr, D., Goldstein, S. and Zanghì, N. (1997) Bohmian Mechanics and the Meaning of the Wave Function, in Cohen, R.S., Horne, M., and Stachel, J., Eds., Experimental Metaphysics — Quantum Mechanical Studies for Abner Shimony, 1; Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science,193, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dürr, D. (2001) Bohmsche mechanik als grundlage der quantenmechanik. Springer-Verlag. Berlin
[23] Hardy, L. (1993) Non-locality for 2 particles without inequalities for almost all entangled states. Physical Re-view Letters, 71, 1665-1668; Sakurai, J.J. (1994) Modern Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley, USA, (see 174- 187, 223-232).
[24] Vaidman, L. (1994) Teleportation of quantum states. Physical Review, A, 49, 1473-1476.
[25] Brassard, G., Braunstein, S., and Cleve, R. (1998) Teleportation as a quantum computation. Physical D, 120, 43-47.
[26] Bouwmeester, D., Pan, J.-W., Mattle, K., Eibl, M., Wein- furter, H., and Zeilinger, A. (1997) Experimental quan- tum teleportation. Nature, 390(6660), 575-579.
[27] Boschi, D., Branca, S., De Martini, F., Hardy, L. and Popescu, S. (1998) Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels, Physical Review Letter, 80(6), 1121-1125.
[28] Kilin, S.Y. (2001) Quanta and information, Progress in optics, 42, 1-90.
[29] Riebe, M., Häffner, H., Roos, C. F., Hänsel, W., Ruth, M., Benhelm, J., Lancaster, G. T., Körber, T. W., Becher, C., Schmidt-Kaler, F., James, D.F.V., and Blatt, R., (2004) Deterministic quantum teleportation with atoms. Nature, 429, 734-737.
[30] Ursin, R., et al. (2004) Quantum teleportation link across the danube. Nature, 430, 849.
[31] Olmschenk, S., et al. (2009) Quantum teleportation be- tween distant matter qubits. Science, 323, 486.
[32] Everett, H. (1957) Relative State Formulation of quantum mechanics. Review of Modern Physics, 29, 454-462.
[33] De Witt, B.S.M. (1970) Quantum mechanics and reality. Physics Today, 23, 30-35.
[34] Everett, H. (1973) The theory of the universal wave function. De Witt, B. and Graham, N. Eds., The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
[35] Deutsch, D. (1986) Three experimental implications of the Everett interpretation, in Penrose, R. and Isham, C.J., Ed., Quantum Concepts of Space and Time, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 204-214.
[36] Tipler, D. (1986) The many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics in quantum cosmology. in Penrose, R. and Isham, C.J. Eds., Quantum Concepts of Space and Time, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 204-214.
[37] Albert, D. and Loewer, B. (1988) Interpreting the many worlds interpretation. Synthese, 77, 195-213.
[38] Barvinsky, A.O. and Kamenshchik, A.Y. (1995) Preferred basis in quantum theory and the problem of class- icalization of the quantum universe. Physical Review D, 52, 743-757.
[39] Deutsch, D. (1996) The fabric of reality, The Penguin Press, New York.
[40] Lockwood, M., Brown, H.R., Butterfield, J., Deutsch, D., Loewer, B., Papineau, D. and Saunders, S. (1996) Sy- mposium: The “many minds” interpretation of quantum theory. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, 159-248.
[41] Barrett, J.A. (1999) The quantum mechanics of minds and worlds. Oxford: University Press.
[42] Zeh, H.D. (1970) On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory. Foundations of Physics, 1, 69-76; Zeh, H.D. (1973) Toward a quantum theory of observation. Foundations of Physics, 3, 109-116.
[43] Pauli, W. (1926) in: Handbuch der Physik, 5(1), 60, ed. by Fluegge, S. (Berlin),; see also: Pauli, W. General prin-ciples of quantum theory. (Springer; Berlin, 1980).
[44] Aharonov, Y. and Bohm, D. (1961) Time in the quantum theory and the uncertainty relation for time and energy, Physical Review, 122, 1649-1658; Aharonov, Y. and Bohm, D. (1964) Answer to fock concerning the time energy indeterminacy relation. Physical Review B, 134, 1417-1418.
[45] Krylov, N.S. and Fock, V.A. (1947) On two main inter-pretations of energy-time uncertainty. Sov. J. Zhetf, 17, 93-99; Fock, V.A. (1962) On the energy-time uncertainty and on an attempt to refute it. Sov. J. Zhetf, 42, 1135-1140.
[46] Paul, H. (1962) Über quantenmechanische Zeitoper- atoren. Annalen der Physik, 9, 252-261.
[47] Engelman, F. and Fick, E. (1963) Quantentheorie der Zeitmessung. Zeitschrift für Physikalische A, 175, 271- 282; (1964) Quantentheorie der Zeitmessung-II. Zeit-s chrift für Physikalische A, 178, 551-562.
[48] Lippmann, B.A., (1966) Operator for time delay induced by scattering. Physical Review, 151, 1023-1024.
[49] Razavy, M. (1969) Quantum-mechanical conjugate to the Hamiltonian operator. Nuovo Cimento, B, 63, 271-308.
[50] Gien, T.T., (1969) On the operators for time of motion and delay time induced by scattering. Can. Journal of Physics, 47, 278-289; (1970) Delay time and phase of the initial state. Canadian Journal of Physics, 48, 639-652.
[51] Allcock, G.R. (1969) The time of arrival in quantum mechanics. Annals of Physics (N.Y.), 53, 253-285.
[52] Rosenbaum, D.M. (1969) Super hilbert space and the quantum-mechanical time operators. Journal of Mathe-matical Physics, 10, 1127-1144.
[53] Olkhovsky, V.S. and Recami, E. (1968) Space-time shifts and cross sections in collisions between relativistic wane packets. Nuovo Cimento, A53, 610-624; (1969) About collision-process lifetimes and causality. Nuovo Cimento A, 63, 814-826; (1970) About a space-time operator in collision descriptions. Nuovo Cimento, 4, 1165-1173.
[54] Olkhovsky, V.S. (1973) On the problem of time operator and collision duration, Ukrainskiy Fiz. Zhurnal [in Ukrainian and Russian], 18, 1910-1913; Olkhovsky, V.S., Recami, E. and Gerasimchuk, A.I. (1974) Time operator in quantum mechanics – non-relativistic case. Nuovo Cimento A, 22, 263-278.
[55] Recami, E. (1977) A time operator and the time-energy uncertainty relation. in The Uncertainty Principle and Foundation of Quantum Mechanics (J.Wiley; London), 21-28; “An operator for observable time”, in Proceeding of the XIII Winter School in Theor. Physics, (Wroclaw; 1976), 2, 251-256.
[56] Holevo, A.S. (1978) Estimation of shift parameters of a quantum state. Re Math. Phys., 13, 379-399; Holevo, A.S. (1982) Probabilistic and statistical aspects of quantum theory, Amsterdam.
[57] Olkhovsky, V.S. (1984) To the investigation of nuclear reactions and decays by analysis of their durations. Soviet Journal Nuclear Physics, 15, 130-148.
[58] Jaworski, W. and Wardlaw, D.M. (1988) Time delay in tunneling: Transmission and reflection time delays. Physical Review A, 37, 2843-2854.
[59] Olkhovsky, V.S. (1990) Non-stationary characteristics in study of nuclear reaction mechanism and kinetics and compound-nucleus properties. Nukleonika, 35, 99-144; (1992) Time analysis of nuclear collisions and decays. Atti Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, Sci. Mat. Nat. 70, 21-40; (1998) in Mysteries, Puzzles and Paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics, Bonifacio, R. Ed., (AIP Conference Proceeding, Amer. Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY, USA), 272-276.
[60] Olkhovsky, V.S. and Recami, E. (1992) Recent develop-ments in the time analysis of tunnelling processes. Phys-ics Reports, 214, 339-356; Olkhovsky, V.S., Recami, E., Raciti, F. and Zaichenko, A.K. (1995) More about tun-nelling times, the dwell time and the Hartman effect. Journal de Physique, (France) I, 5, 1351-1365.
[61] Busch, Grabowski, M. and Lahti, J. (1994) Time observables in quantum theory. Physics Letters A, 191, 357-361.
[62] Kobe, D.H. and Aguilera-Navarro, V.C., (1994) Deriva-tion of the energy-time uncertainty relation. Physical Re-view A, 50, 933-938.
[63] Blanchard, and Jadczyk, A. (1996) Timeof events in quantum theory. Helvetica Physica Acta, 69, 613-635.
[64] Grot, N., Rovelli, C. and Tate, R.S. (1996) Time of arri-val in quantum mechanics. Physical Review A, 54, 4676-4690.
[65] Olkhovsky, V.S. and Agresti, A. (1997) Developments in time analysis of particle and photon tunnelling, in pro-ceeding of the adriatico research conference on tunnel-ling and its implications (World Sci.; Singapore), 327-355.
[66] Olkhovsky, V.S. (1997) Time analysis of particles and photons. Physics of the Alive, 5, 19-37; (1998) Develop-ments in examining time as a quantum-physical observ-able. Physics of the Alive, 6, 17-29; Olkhovsky, V. S. (1998-1999) Recent developments on time as a quantum-physical observable, Atti dell’Academia di Pericolanti, classe di scienze fis. mat. e natur., Universita’ di Messina, v.LXXVI-LXXVII, 193-209.
[67] Leo’n, J. (1997) Time-of-arrival formalism for the relativistic particle. Journal of Physics A, 30, 4791-4801.
[68] Giannitrapani, R. (1997) Positive-operator-valued time observable in quantum mechanics. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 36, 1575-1584.
[69] Aharonov, Y., Oppenheim, J., Popescu, S., Reznik, B. and Unruh, W. (1998) Measurement of time of arrival in quantum mechanics. Physical Review A, 57, 4130-4139.
[70] Atmanspacher, H. and Amann, A. (1998) Positive- operator-valued measures and projection-valued measures of noncommutative time operators. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 37, 629-660.
[71] Toller, M. (1999) Localization of events in space-time. Physical Review A, 59, 960-970.
[72] Kijowski, J. (1999) Comment on “arrival time in quan-tum mechanics” and “time of arrival in quantum me-chanics”. Physical Review A, 59, 897-899.
[73] Delgado, V. (1999) Quantum probability distribution of arrival times and probability current density. Physical Review A, 59, 1010-1020.
[74] Muga, J., Papao, J. and Leavens, C. (1999) Arrival time distributions and perfect absorption in classical and quantum mechanics. Physics Letters A, 253, 21-27.
[75] Kochànski, and Wòdkievicz, K. (1999) Operational time of arrival in quantum phase space. Physical Review A, 60, 2689-2699.
[76] Kobe, D.H., Iwamoto, H., Goto, M. and Aguilera-Navarro, V.C., (2001) Tunneling time through a barrier using the local value of a “time operator”. Physical Review A, 64, Article ID 022104, 8.
[77] Muga, J., Egusquiza, I., Damborenea, J. and Delgado, V. (2002) Bounds and enhancements for negative scattering time delays. Physical Review A, 66, Article ID 042115, 8 pages.
[78] Olkhovsky, V.S., Recami, E. and Jakiel, J. (2004) Unified time analysis of photon and particle tunneling. Physical Review, 398, 133-178.
[79] Góźdź A. and Dębicki M. (2007) Time operator and quantum projection evolution. Physics of Atomic Nucle, 70, 529-536.
[80] Wang, Z.Y. and Xiong, C.D. (2007) How to introduce time operator. Annals of Physics, 322, 2304-2314.
[81] Olkhovsky, V.S. and Recami, E. (2007) Time as a quan-tum observable. International Journal of Modern Physics A, 22, 5063-5087; Olkhovsky, V.S. and Recami, E. (2008) New developments in the study of time as a quantum observable. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 22, 1877-1897.
[82] Olkhovsky, V.S. (2009) Time as a quantum observable, canonically conjugated to energy, and foundations of self-consistent time analysis of quantum processes. Ad-vances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 2009, аrticle ID 859710, 83.
[83] Naimark, M.A. (1940) Spectral functions of a symmetric operators. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya mate-maticheskaya [in Russian, partially in English], 4, 277-318; we stress that it is used here the Carleman type of the spectral function of (a maximal and not only maximal ) symmetrical operator, which was cited from the reference [Carleman, T. (1923) Sur les e’quations i’ntegrales a’ noyau re’el et syme’trque (Uppsala)] and was utilized as a tool of the proof, based on the approxi-mation of the (maximal and not only maximal) symmet-ric operator H by such succession of the bounded self-adjoint operators, the spectral functions the spectral functions of which do weakly converge to the spectral function E (l) of the operator H (This circumstance was kindly indicated to the author by Holevo, A.S.).
[84] Aharonov, Y. and Bohm, D. (1961) Time in the quantum theory and the uncertainty relation for time and energy. Physical Review, 122, 1649-1658.
[85] Naimark, M.A. (1943) Positive definite operator func-tions on a commutative group, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. seriya matematikcheskaya, 7, 237-244.
[86] Akhiezer, N.I. and Glazman, I.M. (1981) The Theory of Linear Operators in Hilbert Space, Pitman; Boston, Mass.
[87] Neuman, J. (1932) von, Mathematischen Grundlagen del Quantum Mechanik (Hizzel, Leipzig).
[88] Stone, M.H. (1930) Proceeding Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 16, N1.
[89] ter Haar, D. (1971) Elements of hamiltonian mechanics, Oxford.
[90] Judge, D. and Levis, J.L. (1963) On the commutator [L z , ].Physics Letters, 5, 190-195.
[91] Carruthers and Nieto, M.M. (1968) Phase and angle variables in quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 40, 411-440.
[92] Davydov, A.S. (1976) (1982) Quantum Mechanics (Per-gamon, Oxford).
[93] Chiao, R.Y., Kwiat, G. and Steinberg, A.M. (1991) Analogies between electron and photon tunneling: A proposed experiment to measure photon tunneling times. Physica B, 175, 257-262.
[94] Martin, T. and Landauer, R. (1992) Time delay of eva-nescent electromagnetic waves and the analogy to parti-cle tunneling. Physical Review, A45, 2611-2617.
[95] Steinberg A.M. (1995) Conditional probabilities in quantum theory, and the tunneling time controversy. Physical Review A, 52, 32-42.
[96] Abolhasani, M. and Golshani, M. (2000) Tunneling times in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. Physical Review A, 62, 012106, 7.
[97] Enders, A. and Nimtz, G. (1992) On superluminal barrier traversal, Journal of Physics-I (France), 2, 1693-1698; (1993) Zero-time tunneling of evanescent mode packets. Journal of Physics-I (France), 3, 1089-1092; (1993) Photonic-tunneling experiments. Physical Review B, 47, 9605-9609; (1993) Evanescent-mode propagation and quantum tunneling. Physical Review E, 48, 632-634; G.Nimtz, in: (1997) Tunneling and its applications. World Scientific,Singapore, 223-237.
[98] Steinberg, A.M., Kwiat, G. and Chiao, R.Y. (1993) Meas-urement of the single-photon tunneling time. Physical Re-view Letter, 71, 708-711; Chiao, R.Y., Kwiat G., and Steinberg, A.M. (1993) Faster Than Light? Scient.Am., 269, 38-52; Chiao, R.Y. and Steinberg, A.M. (1997) Tunneling times and superluminality, in progress in op-tics, by Wolf, E., Ed., 37, Elsevier Sci., Amsterdam, 346-405.
[99] Longhi, S., et al. (2002) Measurements of superluminal optical tunneling times in double-barrier photonic band gaps. Physical Review E, 65, 046610.
[100] Recami, E., Olkhovsky, V.S. and Maydanyuk, S.P. (2010) On non-self-adjoint operators for observables in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. accepted and to be published in Internat. International Journal of Modern Physics A.
[101] Macnab, R. (1978) Bacterial motility and chemotaxis - molecular-biology of a behavioral system. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry, 5, 291-341; Moorhead, S. and Kaplan, M.M. Ed. (1967) Mathematical challenges to the neo-darwinian interpretation of evolution. Wistar Insti-tute Press ,Philadelphia.
[102] Behe, M.J. (1996) Darwin’s Black Box. The biochemical challenge to evolution, the Free Press.
[103] Junker, R. and Scherer, S. Evolution: Ein kritisches Lehrbuch, 4th ed. Giessen (Germany): Weyel Verlag, 1998; 5th ed. Giessen (Germany): Weyel Verlag, 2001; 6th ed. Giessen (Germany), Weyel Verlag, 2006.
[104] Olkhovsky, V.S. (2001) Comparison of the faith postu-lates in evolutionism and creationism with respect to modern scientific data. Physics of the Alive, 9, 108-121.
[105] Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of chaos. man’s new dialogue with nature, Heinemann, London; Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. Exploring complexity, Free-man, W. and Co, N.Y.,1989.
[106] Prigogine, I., Nicolis, G. and Babloyants, A. (1972) Thermodynamics of evolution. Physics Today, 25, 23.
[107] Symmetries and reflections, scientific essays of Eugen Wigner, Indiana University Press, Bloomington–London, 1970; essay 11 (“The possibility of existence of a self- reproducing system”).
[108] Eigen, M. (1971) Self-organization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwiss, 58, 465-523.
[109] Vol’kenstein, M.V. (1973) Physics and biology. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 16, 207-216; see also: Vol’kenstein, M.V. (1988) Complementarity, physics and biology. So-viet Physics Uspekhi, 31, 140-150.
[110] Hartle, J.B. and Hawking, S.W. (1983) Wave function of the Universe. Physical Review D, 28, 2960-2975.
[111] Vilenkin, A. (1994) Approaches to quantum cosmology. Physical Review D, 50, 2581-2594.
[112] Kragh, H. (1996) Cosmology and controversy, Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press.
[113] Peacock, J. (1999) Cosmological physics, Cambridge University Press.
[114] Adams, F.C. and Laughlin, G. (1997) A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects. Reviews of Modern Physics, 69, 337-372.
[115] Carter, B. (1974) Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. IAU Symposium 63: Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observa-tional Data, Dordrecht, Reidel.
[116] Barrow, J.D. and Tipler, F.J. (1986) The anthropic cosmological principle. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.