Uniform Attractors for a Non-Autonomous Thermoviscoelastic Equation with Strong Damping ()
1. Introduction
In this paper we investigate the existence of uniform attractors for a nonlinear non-autonomous thermoviscoelastic equation with strong damping
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
where
is a bounded domain with smooth boundary
, u and
are displacement and temperature difference, respectively.
(the past history of u) is a given datum which has to be known for all
, the function g represents the kernel of a memory,
are non-autonomous terms, called symbols, and
is a real number such that
(1.5)
Now let us recall the related results on nonlinear one-dimensional thermoviscoelasticity. Dafermos [1] , Dafermos and Hsiao [2] , proved the global existence of a classical solution to the thermoviscoelastic equations for a class of solid-like materials with the stress-free boundary conditions at one end of the rod. Hsiao and Jian [3] , Hsiao and Luo [4] obtained the large-time behavior of smooth solutions only for a special class of solid-like materials. Ducomet [5] proved the asymptotic behavior for a non-monotone fluid in one-dimension: the positive temperature case. Watson [6] investigated the unique global solvability of classical solutions to a one-dimensional nonlinear thermoviscoelastic system with the boundary conditions of pinned endpoints held at the constant temperature and where the pressure is not monotone with respect to u and may be of polynomial growth. Racke and Zheng [7] proved the global existence and asymptotic behavior of weak solutions to a model in shape memory alloys with a stress-free boundary conditions at least at one end of the rod. Qin [8] [9] obtained the global existence, and asymptotic behavior of smooth solutions under more general constitutive assumptions, and more recently. Qin [10] has further improved these results and established the global existence, exponential stability and the existence of maximal attractors in
. As for the existence of global (maximal) attractors, we refer to [11] [12] [13] . More recently, Qin and Lü [12] obtained the existence of (uniformly compact) global attractors for the models of viscoelasticity; Qin, Liu and Song [13] established the existence of global attractors for a nonlinear thermoviscoelastic system in shape memory alloys.
Our problem is derived from the form
(1.6)
which has several modeling features. The aim of this paper is to extend the decay results in [14] for a viscoelastic system to those for the thermoviscoelastic system (1.1-1.2) and then to establish the existence of the uniform attractor for this thermoviscoelastic systems. In the case
is a constant, Equation (1.6) has been used to model extensional vibrations of thin rods (see Love [15] , Chapter 20). In the case
is not a constant, Equation (1.6) can model materials whose density depends on the velocity
. For instance, a thin rod which possesses a rigid surface and with an interior which can deforms slightly. We refer the reader to Fabrizio and Morro [16] for several other related models.
Let us recall some results concerning viscoelastic wave equations. In [17] , the author concerned with the quasilinear viscoelastic equation
(1.7)
he proved that the energy decays similarly with that of g. In [18] , Wu considered the nonlinear viscoleastic wave equation
(1.8)
with the same boundary and initial conditions as (1.7), the author proved that, for a class of kernels g which is singular at zero, the exponential decay rate of the solution energy. Later, Han and Wang [19] considered a similar system like:
(1.9)
with Dirichlet boundary condition, where
are constants, they proved the energy decay for the viscoelastic equation with nonlinear damping. Then Park and Park [20] established the general decay for the viscoelastic problem with nonlinear weak damping
(10)
with the Dirichlet boundary condition, where
is a constant. In [14] , Cavalcanti et al. studied the following equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions
(1.11)
where
. They established a global existence result for
and an exponential decay of energy for
, and studied the interaction within the
and the memory term
. Messaoudi and Tatar [21] established, for small initial data, the global existence and uniform stability of solutions to the equation
(1.12)
with Dirichlet boundary condition, where
are constants. In the case
in (1.12), Messaoudi and Tatar [22] proved the exponential decay of global solutions to (1.12) without smallness of initial data, considering only the dissipation effect given by the memory. Considering nonlinear dissipation. Recently, Araújo et al. [23] studied the following equation
and proved the global existence, uniqueness and exponential stability, and the global attractor was also established, but they did not establish the uniform attractors for non-autonomous equation. Then, Qin et al. [24] established the existence of uniform attractors for a non-autonomous viscoelastic equation with a past history
Moreover, we would like to mention some results in [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .
For problem (1.1)-(1.4) with
, when
was replaced by
, Han and Wang [30] established the global existence of weak solutions and the uniform decay estimates for the energy by using the Faedo-Galerkin method and the perturbed energy method, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, there is no result on the existence of uniform attractors for non-autonomous thermoviscoelastic problem (1.1)-(1.4). Therefore in this paper, we shall establish the existence of uniform attractors for problem (1.1)-(1.4) by establishing uniformly asymptotic compactness of the semi-process generated by their global solutions. Noting that the symbol
, which are dependent in t, so our estimates are more complicated than [23] [24] and we must use new methods to deal with the symbol
as the change of time. Therefore we improved the results in [23] [24] . For more results concerning attractors, we can refer to [31] - [37] .
Motivated by [38] [39] [40] , we shall add a new variable
to the system which corresponds to the relative displacement history. Let us define
(1.13)
A direct computation yields
(1.14)
and we can take as initial condition (
)
(1.15)
Thus, the original memory term can be written as
(1.16)
and we get a new system
(1.17)
(1.18)
(1.19)
with the boundary conditions
(1.20)
and initial conditions
(1.21)
The rest of our paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give some preparations for our consideration and our main result. The statements and the proofs of our main results will be given in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively.
For convenience, we denote the norm and scalar product in
by
and
, respectively.
denotes a general positive constant, which may be different in different estimates.
2. Preliminaries and Main Result
We assume the memory kernel
is a bounded
function such that
(2.1)
and suppose that there exists a positive constant
verifying
(2.2)
In order to consider the relative displacement
as a new variable, one introduces the weighted L2-space
which is a Hilbert space equipped with inner product and norm
respectively.
Let
(2.3)
Define the generalized energy of problem (1.17)-(1.21)
(2.4)
To present our main result, we need the following global existence and uniqueness results.
Theorem 2.1. Let
,
, and any fixed
. Assume (2.1) and (2.2) hold. Then problem (1.17)-(1.21) admits a unique global solution
such that
(2.5)
(2.6)
We now define the symbol space for (1.17)-(1.21).
Let
(2.7)
Observe the following important fact: The properly defined (uniform) attractor A of problem (1.17)-(1.21) with the symbol
must be simultaneously the attractor of each problem (1.17)-(1.21) with the symbol
, which is called the hull of
and defined as
(2.8)
where
denotes the closure in Banach space
.
We note that
where
is a translation compact function in
in the weak topology, which means that
is compact in
. We consider the Banach space
of functions
with values in a Banach space
that are locally p-power integrable in the Bochner sense. In particular, for any time interval
,
Let
, consider the quantity
Lemma 2.1. Let
defined as before and
, then
1)
is a translation compact in
and any
is also a translation compact in
, moreover,
;
2) The set
is bounded in
such that
Proof. See, e.g., Chepyzhov and Vishik [41] .
Lemma 2.2. For every
, every non-negative locally summable function
on
and every
, we have
for a.a.
.
Proof. See, e.g., Chepyzhov, Pata and Vishik [42] .
Similar to Theorem 2.1, we have the following existence and uniqueness result.
Theorem 2.2. Let
, where
is an arbitrary but fixed symbol function. Assume (2.1) and (2.2) hold. Then for any
and for any
, problem (1.17)-(1.21) admits a unique global solution
, which generates a unique semi-process
on
of a two-parameter family of operators such that for any
,
(2.9)
(2.10)
Our main result reads as follows.
Theorem 2.3. Assume that
and
is defined by (2.8), then the family of processes
corresponding to (1.17)-(1.21) has a uniformly (w.r.t.
) compact attractor
.
3. The Well-Posedness
The global existence of solutions is the same as in [23] [30] [40] , so we omit the details here. Next we prove the uniqueness of solutions.
We consider two symbols
and
and the corresponding solutions
and
of problem (1.17)-(1.21) with initial data
and
respectively. Let
,
,
.
Then
verifies
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
with Dirichlet boundary conditions and initial conditions
(3.4)
The corresponding energy for (3.1)-(3.3) is defined
(3.5)
It is easy to see that
Noting that
is differentiable since
. Then
and clearly
(3.6)
To simplify notations, let us say that the norm of the initial data is bounded by some
. Then given
we use
to denote several positive constants which depend on R and T.
By Young’s inequality and the interpolation inequalities, we derive
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
which, together with (3.6)-(3.9), yields for some
large
(3.10)
Integrating (3.10) from
to t and using Hölder’s inequality, we have
(3.11)
Noting that
then we get for any
(3.12)
Applying Gronwall’s inequality, we see that
(3.13)
Using
, we know that
is equivalent to the norm of
in
and we get
which, together with (3.13), gives for all
This shows that solutions of (1.17)-(1.21) depend continuously on the initial data. We complete the proof of Theorem 2.1.
4. Uniform Attractors
In this section, we shall establish the existence of uniform attractors for system (1.17)-(1.21). To this end, we shall introduce some basic conceptions and basic lemmas. For more results concerning uniform attractors, we can refer to [31] [36] [37] [43] [44] .
Let X be a Banach space, and
be a parameter set. The operators
are said to be a family of processes in X with symbol space
if for any
,
(4.1)
(4.2)
Let
be the translation semigroup on
, we say that a family of processes
satisfies the translation identity if
(4.3)
(4.4)
By
we denote the collection of the bounded sets of X, and
.
Definition 4.1. A bounded set
is said to be a bounded uniformly (w.r.t
) absorbing set for
if for any
and
, there exists a time
such that
(4.5)
for all
.
In the following, as usual, (w.r.t) will represent “with respect to”.
Definition 4.2. The family of semi-processes
is said to be asymptotically compact in X if
is precompact in X, whenever
is bounded in X,
, and
as
.
Definition 4.3. A set
is said to be uniformly (w.r.t
) attracting for the family of semi-processes
if for any fixed
and any
,
(4.6)
here
stands for the usual Hausdorff semidistance between two sets in X. In particular, a closed uniformly attracting set
is said to be the uniform (w.r.t
) attractor of the family of the semi-process
if it is contained in any closed uniformly attracting set (minimality property).
Definition 4.4. Let X be a Banach space and B be a bounded subset of
be a symbol (or parameter) space. We call a function
, defined on
to be a contractive function on
if for any sequence
and any
, there is a subsequence
and
such that
(4.7)
We denote the set of all contractive functions on
by
.
Lemma 4.1. Let
be a family of semi-processes satisfying the translation identities (4.3) and (4.4) on Banach space X and has a bounded uniformly (w.r.t
) absorbing set
. Moreover, assuming that for any
, there exist
and
such that
(4.8)
Then
is uniformly (w.r.t
) asymptotically compact in X.
Proof. This lemma is a version for semi-processes of a result by Khanmamedov [45] . A proof can be found in Sun et al. [43] , Theorem 4.2.
Next, we will divide into two subsections to prove Theorem 2.3.
4.1. Uniformly (w.r.t.
) Absorbing Set in
In this subsection we shall establish the family of processes
has a bounded uniformly absorbing set given in the following theorem.
Theorem 4.1. Assume that
and
is defined by (2.7), then the family of processes
corresponding to (1.17)-(1.21) has a bounded uniformly (w.r.t.
) absorbing set B in
.
Proof. We define
(4.9)
Using Young’s inequality, Poincaré’s inequality, we arrive at
(4.10)
Let
(4.11)
Then (4.11) gives
, whence from (4.9), for
(4.12)
(4.13)
Now we define
(4.14)
From (1.17), integration by parts and Young’s inequality, we derive for any
,
(4.15)
Using Young’s inequality, Hölder’s inequality and Poincaré’s inequality, we deduce
(4.16)
(4.17)
(4.18)
(4.19)
hereinafter we use
to represent the Poincaré constant.
From the expression of
, we get
which, together with (4.15)-(4.19), yields
(4.20)
Noting that
and the embedding theorem
, we have for any
,
which, together with (4.20) and Poincaré’s inequality, gives
(4.21)
Now we take
so small that
(4.22)
Hence from (4.21)-(4.22), it follow
(4.23)
We define the functional
(4.24)
It follows from (1.17) that
(4.25)
From Young’s inequality, Hölder’s inequality and Poincaré’s inequality, we derive for any
,
(4.26)
(4.27)
(4.28)
(4.29)
which, together with (4.26)-(4.29), gives
(4.30)
Noting that
then we have
(4.31)
By Young’s inequality, we derive
(4.32)
and for any
which, together with (4.30)-(4.32) and taking
small enough, yields
(4.33)
Inserting (4.30) and (4.33) into (4.25), we arrive at
(4.34)
Set
(4.35)
where M and
are positive constants.
Then it follows from (4.10), (4.23), (4.34) and (2.2) that
(4.36)
Now we claim that there exist two constants
such that
(4.37)
For any
, we take
so small that
(4.38)
For fixed
, we choose
small enough and M so large that
Then there exist a constant
such that
(4.39)
which, together with (4.37), gives
(4.40)
Integrating (4.40) over
with respect to t and using Lemmas 2.2-2.3, we obtain
(4.41)
Now for any bounded set
, for any
, there exists a constant
such that
. Taking
then for any
, we have
which gives
i.e.,
is a uniform absorbing ball for any
. The proof is now complete.
4.2. Uniformly (w.r.t.
) Asymptotic Compactness in
In this subsection, we will prove the uniformly (w.r.t.
) asymptotic compactness in
, which is given in the following theorem.
Theorem 4.2. Assume that
and
is defined by (2.8), then the family of processes
corresponding to (1.17)-(1.21) is uniformly (w.r.t.
) asymptotically compact in
.
Proof. For any
. We consider two symbols
and
and the corresponding solutions
and
of problem (1.17)-(1.21) with initial data
,
, respectively. Let
,
,
.
Then
verifies
(4.42)
(4.43)
(4.44)
with Dirichlet boundary conditions and initial conditions
(4.45)
The corresponding energy for (4.42)-(4.45) is defined
(4.46)
Clearly,
(4.47)
Using Hölder’s inequality, Poincaré’s inequality and Theorem 4.1, we derive
(4.48)
(4.49)
(4.50)
which, combined with (4.47)-(4.50), yields
(4.51)
We define
(4.52)
It is very easy to verify
(4.53)
Taking the derivative of
, it follows from (4.42)-(4.43) that
(4.54)
Applying Hölder’s inequality, Young’s inequality, Poinceré’s inequality and Theorem 4.1, we get
(4.55)
(4.56)
(4.57)
(4.58)
(4.59)
By virtue of (4.46), we have
(4.60)
Then from (4.54)-(4.59), we can conclude
(4.61)
Now we define
(4.62)
From (4.42)-(4.43) and integration by parts, we derive
(63)
Using Hölder’s inequality, Poincaré’s inequality and Theorem 4.1, we derive for any
,
(4.64)
(4.65)
(4.66)
(4.67)
(4.68)
(4.69)
(4.70)
Noting that
then we see that
(4.71)
(4.72)
Plugging (4.64)-(4.72) into (4.63), we get
(4.73)
On the other hand, we can get
(4.74)
Define
(4.75)
which, together with (4.53) and (4.74), yields
(4.76)
Now we take
so small and M so large that
(4.77)
Then for any
, we have
(4.78)
Now we take
and
so small that
For fixed
and
, we choose M so large that
Then there exist some constant
such that
(4.79)
Integrating (4.79) over
with respect to t, we derive
(4.80)
For any fixed
, we choose
so large that
which, together with (4.77) and (4.80), gives
(4.81)
Let
(4.82)
Then
(4.83)
It suffices to show
for each fixed
. From the proof of existence theorem, we can deduce that for any fixed
, and the bound B depends on T,
(4.84)
is bounded in
.
Let
be the solutions corresponding to initial data
with respect to symbol
. Then from (4.84), we get
(4.85)
(4.86)
(4.87)
Taking
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, noting that compact embedding
, passing to a subsequence if necessary, we have
and
converge strongly in
.
Therefore we get
(4.88)
(4.89)
(4.90)
On the other hand, by
, we see that
(4.91)
(4.92)
Hence it follows from (4.88)-(4.92)
(4.93)
that is,
.
Therefore by Lemma 3.1, the semigroup
is uniformly asymptotically compact and the proof is now complete.
Proof of Theorem 2.3. Combining Theorems 4.1-4.2, we can complete the proof of Theorem 2.3.
Acknowledgements
Shanghai Polytechnical University and the key discipline Applied Mathematics of Shanghai Polytechnic University with contract number XXKPY1604.