Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Parotid Salivary Gland—A Case Study ()
1. Introduction
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor arising from salivary glands of head and neck region. This type of neoplasm was first elaborated by Billroth in 1856 as a benign neoplasm and was called cylindroma for cribriform like appearance made by tumor cells with cylindrical pseudo spaces [1] . About 10% - 15% of salivary gland mass are ACCs [2] . ACC mostly occurs in minor salivary glands and submandibular gland and less often, in the sublingual and parotid glands [3] [4] . It is the most common malignant tumor of the minor salivary glands [5] . Further infrequent locations comprise the Respiratory tract, GI tract, lacrimal glands and adnexal dermal glands. Greatest ACC patients are in their fifth and sixth decade of their life and women are to some extent more affected than men [2] [3] [4] . ACC is a rare head and neck tumor. Considering the sites of ACC, palate is the commonest site. Fewer common sites where this tumor may be met are vulva [6] , cervix [7] , Cowper’s glands in female reproductive tract [8] , oesophagus [9] , external auditory canal [10] , middle ear [11] and nasopharynx [12] . Infrequently, it may also present as primary intraosseous mass of the mandible and maxilla [13] .
Facial nerve restoration is mandatory in malignant mass of the parotid gland after radical parotidectomy (RP).
2. Case Report
A 33 year-old man presented to a private ENT facility with history of painless gradual enlargement of the leftt parotid gland for one year and facial muscle weakness since one week (Figure 1). On examination a firm, fixed mass 3.5 × 2.5 cm in the parotid gland region was found with left lower motor facial (VII) nerve paralysis. There was a palpable left cervical lymph node which was fixed. His Vitals were within normal limits. Haematological investigations including Complete Blood Count (CBC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Biochemical investigations including Liver Function Test (LFT) and Renal Function Test (RFT) were in normal range.
Other possibilities of parotid swelling including granulomatous tuberculosis were ruled out.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an enlargement of the right parotid gland with evidence of multiple cystic masses including both the superficial and deep parts of the gland. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was used for diagnosis. Cyto-pathological examination suggested ACC with the discovery of big globules of the extracellular matrix, partly enclosed by basaloid tumour cells but missing characteristic globules.
A radical parotidectomy (Figure 2) and modified radical neck dissection with spinal accessory nerve preservation was planned under GA. Figure 3 Shows the
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Figure 1. Left parotid Mass 3.5 × 2.5 cm.
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Figure 2. Left parotid mass almost dissected out.
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Figure 3. Excised Left parotid gland tissue.
mass excised. After resection of the parotid neoplasm, modified neck dissection was then added and the donor nerve graft was prepared from the great auricular nerve. Histological result showed features of adenocystic carcinoma of the parotid gland.
The post-op time was uneventful without any significant complications. Four weeks later, the patient was irradiated with 2 Gy radiations; the total dose was 60 Gy.
The patient was followed up every six month, and improvement in the facial asymmetry was noted.
3. Discussion
Adenoid cystic carcinoma utmost often presents as a test owing to the uncommonness of the lesion. Most findings concerning ADCC are actually grounded upon studies with a minor number of patients and there is a necessity for further information about its clinical behaviour as well as treatment modalities and their consequences [14] .
ACCs of the minor glands have been described to have poorer prognosis than those of the major salivary glands [15] [16] . Tumors linking the nose, paranasal sinuses and maxillary sinus have the worst prognosis as they are typically noticed with higher stages at the period of diagnosis [17] .
The differential diagnosis of ACC comprises basal cell adenoma (BCA), mixed tumor and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSC). The cribriform form so typical of ACC may also infrequently be seen in BCA, mixed tumor and PLGA, and the difference amongst PLGA and ACC is more perplexing. A polymorphous style characterizes PLGA whereas ACC has a more incomplete range of histologic patterns with no more than three patterns. Foci of papillary growth and areas of single cell infiltration are distinctive of PLGA. Basophilic pools of glycosaminoglycans are appreciated in ACC but not in PLGA. PLGA displays even cell population with cytologically bland, round or oval vesicular nuclei and pale eosinophilic cytoplasm while cells in ACC have clear cytoplasm, angular, hyperchromatic nuclei and may show mitotic activity. The Ki-67 index is stated to be 10 times advanced in ACC equated to PLGA. Smooth muscle markers of myoepithelial differentiation are positive in ACC but negative in PLGA [18] . Though PLGA may form solid spaces, they lack the overall high-grade texture as associated with ADCC.
In our patient, the ACC was found in the major salivary gland, the parotid gland and the patient presented late when there was already facial nerve palsy.
Most ACCs developing in major salivary glands are treated surgically, as done in this patient, with the likely addition of adjunctive radiotherapy [19] . The most likely indications for postoperative radiation in ACCs comprise advanced T-stage, positive microscopic tumormargins, cervical nodes metastases, solid histo-pathological characteristics, perineural invasion (most likely VII nerve), and recurring tumours [20] . Early presentation before nerve palsy is advised for patients with ACC of the parotid gland as this one of the determinants of good prognosis. These hostile predictive indicators increase the already high risk for locoregional relapse, distant metastases, or decreased survival rate that may benefit from the addition of postoperative radiation as part of an aggressive therapeutic regimen. Available reports of locoregional control for ACCs treated with surgery single-handedly range from 40.46% five years afterward the surgery [20] .
4. Conclusion
ADCC is pretty a rare salivary gland malignancy. It is distinctive for its unusual histopathological topographies and tendency for perineural invasion. The primary treatment aim in ACC patients is local control, normal functionality and distant metastasis prevention. For this resolution, timely detection of the lesion is must, in order to allow a more constructive prognosis and healthier quality of life. Long-term follow-up of patient at regular intervals is mandatory.
Consent
Informed consent was obtained from the patient before writing this case report.
Ethical Approval
This was obtained from the ethical committee of our hospital before writing this case report.