Petrology and Geochemical Properties of the Granitoid Complex of Chahar-Gonbad, Southeast Iran ()
1. Introduction
Chahar Gonbad granitoid mass is situated in geographic longitudes (56˚10' - 56˚21') and latitudes (29˚34' - 29˚34') at 80 km distant from northeast of Sirjan zone and 32 km at northwest of Belord county in Kerman province and with respect to structural-sedimentary divisions of Iran [1] and it is located at southeast of Uremia-Dokhtar magmatic belt [2] . Most of granitoids is composed of granitoid to granodiorite at southwest of Kerman and they are metaluminous and calc-alkaline [3] . The rocks which include this granitoid mass are Eocene volcanic-sedimentary complex that is the oldest rock unit in this zone and it is well visible at south and east of this region. Given the granitic rocks have only crossed Eocene rocks one can attribute these rocks at least to post-Eocene magmatism in terms of age where they have intrude and placed due to performance of Chahar Gonbad fault. Several dikes have crossed this plutonic mass where their array has also crossed Eocene volcanic-sedimentary complex as well. The studied rocks in Chahar Gonbad zone were divided into four groups of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks, xenolith, and clastic igneous rocks. The extrusive igneous rocks are as follows: 1) andesite, 2) rhyolite, and 3) dolerite. Intrusive igneous rocks include i) diorite with quartz content, ii) tonalite, iii) granodiorite, and iv) granite (monzogranite and syenogranite). Rocks in xenolith groups and clastic igneous group of rocks comprise of tuffs. We will examine the evidences of magmatic evolution in granitoid rocks in this zone in the following. This study is intended to explore petrographic and geochemical evidences of magmatic evolution in granitoid rocks in Chahar Gonbad zone and determine tectonic environment of rocks in this zone.
2. Geostrategic
Tectonic factors in the westward and SW of Iran could be classified such 1) UDMC, 2) Sirjan-Sanadaj Region and 3) Zagros Fold-Thrust [4] .
The UDMC includes Eocene-Quaternary plutonic and volcanic stones 4 km thicknesses and 50 km long [5] . But, the utmost of the magmatic action happened at Eocene which contains different of volcanic stones. However, Cretaceous parts were discernible in this region north too (Figure 1). The volcanic action was expelled in Upper Miocene and extended by Pliocene-Quaternary and identified by basaltic dacites and andesites as lava runs and heads and volcanic detritus flow. The emplacement age of these stones has not been delimited via geochronological period, however, according to stratigraphical investigations; the mentioned stones are fresher than Miocene. Apparently, the present volcanic action started in the late Miocene and extended by Pliocene. The UD volcanic stones have several, chemical, mechanical and petrological from acidic to primary and so creation conditions from continental to low marine depth. The acidic igneous masses were in sufficient associated via average till primary stones and frequently made because of continental shell melting [6] .
Tafresh region is a section of the UDMC found in the center Iran. The UDMC is a portion of the Alpe-Himalayan orogenic belt and located within Arabian and Eurasian range in the same bias via Sirjan-Sanandaj changed region (North- west, East south). The magmatic of the proposed belt is a debated issue, as some of the researchers [7] correlate it to the intracontinental cracks. Whereas other reserachers [8] [9] offer the subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere
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Figure 1. Schematic of Iran map, displaying the division of the main sedimentary and tectonic parts. The Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic arc is of regularly Eocene-Miocene age, some of the other volcanic stones are older.
under the center Iran plate as the cause of the magmatic.
The principal purposes of the current research are to show geochemical aspects, as well as recognized area links of the Chahar-Gonbad complex, to characterize igneous magmatism, discover it’s the main source and the tectonic situation in the Sirjan-Sanandej District and to cast light on the Rocky history and associated magnates in Iran. The information in the present work is essential for the recognition of the appearance of a subduction region in South-west of Iran over the Cenozoic.
Context of Geological
The Chahar-Gonbad granitoid complex is located 80 km north east of Sirjan city, Kerman province, southeast of Iran, which lies between 29˚34'N - 29˚42'N and between 56˚10'E - 56˚21'E (Figure 1).
Chahar-Gonbad granitoids contain quartz diorite, Tonalite, synogranite, granodiorite and monzogranite. The granodiorites were extensive through the region and the largest interference in the region. They are white, gray to pinkish and commonly medium to coarse-grained stones and have a granular to porphyritic form presenting a plain Mineralogy: Plagioclase (35 - 45 percent mod.), K-feldspar (9 - 20 percent mod.), Quartez (21 - 40 percent mod.), Biotite (more than ten percent mod.) (Figure 2).
3. Materials and Methods
Approximately 100 examples of the granitoid stones gathered from various facies. To correctly characterize their chemical structures, 20 fresh specimens were taken for principal, track, and rare-earth-elements (REE) investigation. Principal and track factor wealth were discovered by inductively joined plasma atomic effusion and inductively joined plasma-mass spectrometries at the Karaj Standard labs in Iran. The scientific methods are explained in [10] .
Geochemical properties
The SiO2 amount of cases changes between 53 by 76 wt percent (Table 1). Large share of cases make approximate linear to curvilinear biases of reducing MnO, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3*, MgO, P2O5, and CaO, and developing Na2O and K2O via growing SiO2 (Figure 3). The models of these in the Al2O3, P2O5, CaO, MgO, FeO, TiO2 versus SiO2 figures show decreasing trend versus increased SiO2 plot. These models recommend that fractionation and crystallization of plagioclase, hornblende, a Ti-bearing state, and apatite should have performed functions in the stones.
Harker pictures of the principal factors show amazing biases recommending
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Figure 2. Total Akkali versus SiO2 f for major factors of the Chahar- Gonbad Granitoid complex.
obviously that the monzogranites and granodiorites might be related to fractional crystallization procedures (Figure 4).
In the microscopic 
vs. 
[A/CNK versus A/NK] figure [11] the quartz-diorites structure, granodiorites, monzogranites scheme to the meta luminous area. The rate of The molecular A/CNK of these rocks are in the range of [1 - 1.1] of A/CNK (Figure 3(a)), so the stones were of I-kind in the presence of [12] , so, these rocks fall in magnesian type of granitoieds and related to cordillerian types of grnitic rocks (Figure 3(b)) [13] .
All samples shown low-K affiliation based on the K2O versus SiO2 figure of [14] (Figure 5(a)) and are sub-alkaline relation and relate to the calc-alkaline set from the [15] distribution system (Figure 5(b)).
Tectonic context of emplacement and magma generation
The Chahar-Gonbad Granitic Complex is normally made of a Medium-K calk-alkaline set (Figure 5(a)) in that quartz-diorite, monzogranite, and granodiorite were the predominant stone models. Area associations, geochemistry, and petrography these stones present community to interventions standard of the dynamic continental boundaries. Various investigations recommend that trace parts could be utilized to distinguish among the various tectonic contexts of granitoid magmas [11] [12] [13] . The Chahar-Gonbad granitoid in the geotectonic distribution of [14] [15] are incorporated as volcanic arc stones (Figures 6(a)-(d)). Moreover, as explained beforehand, granitoid of the Chahar-Gonbad field improved in LILE like Rb and Cs, concerning the HFSE, particularly Nb and Ti (Figure 7). Magmas via these geochemical characteristics are frequently ascribed to the subduction-associated conditions [16] . High Th/Yb rates related via special rates for Th/Yb are compatible via continental arc magmas (Figure 7).
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Figure 4. Harker figures for major factors of the Chahar-Gonbad Granitoid complex.
4. Conclusions
The Chahar-Gonbad complex can be described as follows according to the evidence:
- A majority of the plutonic rocks are granites and granodiorites.
- Hydrothermal alterations have affected the intrusions.
- The study of the variation of the major elements shows that the samples of the three studied intrusions all formed in a similar setting.
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Figure 5. (a) K2O Versus. SiO2 plots via area; (b) AFM plot via are delineated after.
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Figure 7. (a) Th/Yb ratios vs. Th/Yb are compatible via continental arc magmas. (b) Ta/Hf ratios vs. Th/Hf Pearce (2008).
- The granitic magmas show typical calc-alkaline trends.
- The intrusions are post orogenic granitoids and shown within plate granite features.
So, the Chahar-Gonbad Granitoid Complex is composed of some factors containing monzogranite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite. The geochemical properties, mineralogy, and petrography of these stones are relative to the standard I-kind stones. The Complex refers to metal luminous, a medium-K calk-sub alkaline range, and presents geochemical features standard of volcanic arc stones compared to an actual continental border. The geochemical records for the Chahar-Gonbad granitoid are a descent from a screen origin, and it can be recommended that the granitoid started by partial melting of mantle protoliths having various structures in a deforming operating border. The obtained results are compatible via the common pattern of [17] that considered that the Sirjan-Sanandaj calc-alkaline magmatic arc made over a high angle subducting oceanic plate in the Neotethyan subduction region.
NOTES
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*Ph.D Student.
#Assistant professor.
†Assistant professor.
‡Professor.