1. Experiences and Emotions in Consumer Behavior
Nowadays shopping experience plays an important role in consumer behavior that is why both academic experts and retailers pay special attention to it [1] [2] [3] . When customers visit and shop in a retailer, they may want different experiences that surprise them. Therefore, retailers should control key determinants of customer experience dimensions for successful management of their store. Customer’s surprise, resulting from the experiences in the store, can cause different emotions (e.g. happy, hopeful, entertaining, animated and/or enthusiastic). These positive emotions affect shopping time, willingness to pay more for the same product and loyalty to the retailer. Also, positive emotions converge on memorability, and the perceptions of a company’s image are enhanced, stimulating purchases and generate close and lasting relationships with the brand [4] .
There are several studies on consumer experience [5] [6] [7] , which refer to brand experiences [8] , not to consumer experiences in a retailer. Therefore, retail managers still need methods and procedures that show them what they can offer in experience marketing. In this sense, this paper presents an important distinction between experiences for retailers who are interested in the experience economy. The study defines and conceptualizes the shopping experience construct. We begin with a review of the literature in consumer and marketing experience research, which analyzes when each type of experience occurs and how it affects consumer behavior. Next, we review the literature in consumer experience scale, and propose our own scale based on the literature. Later, we obtain the perception of different retailer sectors in each of the experience dimensions. Finally, from what is known, we highlight key insights, theoretical contributions and management implications for marketing practice.
2. Designing Experiences
Customer experience depends not only on the aspects which retailers can control (store design, quality of service, promotion…), but also on factors that are outside of the retailer’s control (relationship with other consumer, shopping motivations…) [9] [10] . However, marketing literature has identified different consumer experience dimensions. These experiences are the stimulus that enables the customer to have the desired experiences. This stimulus can be controlled by marketing managers to design the retail atmosphere. The literature review shows evidence that the consumer shopping experience can be divided into several dimensions [3] [5] [6] [9] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . In our research, we have identified four dimensions of experience that a retailer can modify: sensory, intellectual, social and pragmatic. Also, we recognized that emotional experience is defined by the affective state of the consumer, so it’s more subjective and it only depends on the consumer opinion.
2.1. Emotional Experience
Academics have recognized that an important dimension of experience construction is the emotions (e.g. happiness, enjoyment, entertainment). Buying goods and services, the consumer wants to accomplish emotional experiences. Therefore, marketing literature advocates greater attention to hedonic consumption and the myriad ways in which consumers seek emotions [16] .
The informational value of emotions is used by the consumer as a heuristic decision: I feel good (happy, entertained) with the experience (sensory, intellectual, social) that the retailer provides, proceeding to the purchase or the recommendation of that store [17] . It is an emotional state of people, accompanied by subjective reaction and influenced by experience, which provides hedonic value and satisfaction [18] . Emotions arising from shopping experiences deposit affective memory traces, which consumers process and integrate to form post-shopping satisfaction [19] .
Emotions may be classified as positive or negative [20] . This distinction refers to whether a stimulus can promote or obstruct a certain objective [21] . The retailer should create positive emotional experiences, because the consumer tends to seek positive emotions and avoid negative ones [22] . If the consumer gets excited about a store, he will try to relive the same experience in order to maintain or increase the resulting positive emotional state [23] .
2.2. Antecedents of Emotional Experience
Marketing literature has identified different consumer experience dimensions, which can be determinants of emotional experience. Schmitt [24] indicates that there is a hierarchy structure of these experiences. This sequence is also consistent with the cognitive-affective-conative structure [25] . From marketing literature, we believe that consumer experience is a multidimensional concept, analyzed in the following sub-sections its four dimensions.
2.2.1. Sensory Experience
The Sensory Marketing is defined as “marketing that engages the consumer’s senses and affects their perceptions, judgments and behaviors” [4] . Retail atmosphere literature has identified experiences that customers perceive by the senses of somatosensation, olfaction, hearing, sight and taste [26] . These sensory experiences are caused in retail environments by a variety of stimuli [27] [28] .
1) Tactile experience
The role of touch in marketing is least studied, but researchers are now saying it can be a deal breaker. Customers have experiences every time they “touch” any part of the product, service, brand or organization, at various points in time [10] . In this research, we only study touching experience with products. In this sense, touching experience research identifies two types of touch [29] : instrumental touch and hedonic touch. The first type accepts that the consumer is involved in touch as a means to an end (e.g. touching a product only to make a purchase, touching to obtain non-haptic product information, touching to obtain haptic product information). In contrast, in hedonic touch, touch is an end by itself. An example of "falling in love" through tactile experience are Apple Stores, where the consumer interacts with the product to see all its features. These stores set their notebook computers at 70 degrees, open enough to tease but not to view the content, to entice customers to touch and flip the screen to its viewing angle. The company creates experiences based on the handling of products, so that customer perceptions activate positive emotional experience.
2) Scent experience
3) Auditory experience
Music can positively influence emotions, information processing and satisfaction [32] , so retailers use music intentionally to develop shopping experience in stores. Such research focuses on three aspects: tempo, type and volume [4] [33] . Music tempo in stores is often connected with the relaxing of shopping and emotional experience (e.g. happiness, joy, entertainment). Slow tempo music calms consumers and fast tempo music can generate situations of auditory arousal. Music type is also important, because it is a tool that connects stores with similar target customers and reinforces satisfaction, and brand characteristics. For example, when a store plays classical music customers say that this store was a sophisticated image, however when it plays pop music it turned into a fun, lively and upbeat place. Finally, music volume also stimulates shopping and their satisfaction and shopping behavior. For example, Abercrombie & Fitch often play music in high volume to attract young people to the store. Another example is Victoria’s Secret, with a soothing music that facilitates talking with sales staff.
4) Visual experience
There are three different constructs that affect consumer’s visual cues [34] : attention, imagery, and neural activation. These constructs produce a diversity of reactions, as well as emotions and satisfaction [35] . It is the most direct way to provide information to customers and attract them to the store. Real examples of visual experience are M & M stores, which have become a tourist destination for tourists visiting cities where it operates: Las Vegas, New York, Orlando, London and Shanghai. M & M store in New York City has a machine that scans consumer’s body and tells them what M & M chocolate color belongs to them. The most studied factors are the impact of color and retail lighting on consumer behavior. Warm colors are suitable to attract impulsive buyers and it produces more attraction to the store, evoking emotions associated with states of cheerful mood, vitality, higher levels of distraction. On the other hand, cool colors are for customers with a buying plan and are associated with affective states such as a peace, calm and happiness [36] . Thus, the color blue, which reflects calm, relaxation and tranquility, can stimulate consumer creativity while the color red, which reflects stimulation and arousal, can facilitate analytical skills.
5) Taste experience
Taste experience is affected by our senses of auditory, vision, touch, and particularly scent [4] . So, taste experience research affirms that taste is understood as a combination of all our senses. Visual and scent-based cues play such an integral role in taste that they sometimes take priority over cues from the taste buds. This means that retailers dealing with food and beverage products can gain an advantage by appealing strongly to the other senses, generating emotions and achieving satisfaction. An example of taste experience is Savannah Taste Experience Food Tours, which are 3-hour walking and tasting tours where you will enjoy a fun, one-of-a-kind culinary experience while strolling through the gardens and historic, cultural landmarks of the squares of Savannah, the Hostess City of the South.
6) Multisensory experience
Information is perceived and processed in multiple sensory modalities [37] . Recognizing this multi-sensory aspect, a rich stream of research has emerged on multisensory customer experiences, analyzing interplay between senses. For example, inter-sensory effects between taste and vision [38] , taste and touch [39] , touch and vision [33] [40] and taste and sound [41] have begun to be explored. According to these investigations, retailers can make their stores more attractive via multi-sensory experiences to elicit emotions or to emphasize satisfaction.
2.2.2. Intellectual Experience
Intellectual experiences are experiences associated to thinking and conscious mental processes to get consumers to use their imagination or problem solving so that they review suppositions about a product. This type of experience occurs when the retailer’s merchandising strategy (intellectual experience through design) and/or communication with employees (intellectual experience with employees) help to inspire customer curiosity and invite them to think and to imagine [42] . Curiosity is the motivating state among consumers when a marketer evokes mystery [43] . Researchers supporting that curiosity causes positive results for retailer [44] . For example, Apple Store shows its products and allows consumers to interact with them. An interesting tool for retailers is augmented reality [45] , which will have an important development in the near future [46] . It’s the practice of augmenting a real-time direct or indirect view of the real physical world with virtual information [47] . For example, IKEA could help consumers visualize how a new closet might look next to their existing furniture.
When intellectual experiences happen, they result in different types of creative thinking such as convergent and divergent thinking [5] [48] . Convergent thinking entails using heuristics (rules of thumb) to make a decision, induce the consumers thinking to move along a planned sequence [24] .
Divergent thinking involves educating and teaching consumers to develop some originality in different and creative ways. Divergent thinking is an activity contained in another function of the mind called the imagination. By imagining, consumers create something new, something they had never seen in the same terms, reviewing their idea about a product or service and the mental assumptions commonly accepted with it. Therefore, the offer of original and creative activities involves a greater diversity of experience and satisfaction.
2.2.3. Social Experience
Social experience implicates the consumer and his/her social environment, his/her relationship with other consumers and also with his/her ideal self [49] . A retailer can develop this dimension of experience with different strategies that allow consumers to enjoy themselves during their shopping time. For example, a) go shopping with family/friends and get information about new products or trends that reflect attitudes and lifestyles; b) opportunity to interact with other customers who share interests; c) go shopping to belong to a social identity, inducing a sense of belonging or the distinction from a social group. Sales staffs are fundamental in providing positive customer experiences. For example, Sisley organized in Bloomingdale’s store, in New York, a test of its new products. This encourages interaction with people with similar interests.
2.2.4. Pragmatic Experience
Pragmatic experience is an experience resulting from the utilitarian activity of the retailer [50] . It is a desired experience for those consumers who value functionality, utility, monetary value and who do not pay attention to the aesthetics, design or social context in which the purchase takes place. This consumer is not a shopper who is guided by his emotions The retailer can encourage this pragmatic experience offering an assortment of products and brands with good quality and an interesting price level and consumer promotions. For example, Decathlon is known for its aggressive pricing policy on sales periods. Moreover, its own brands are particularly relevant in assortment management.
Sometimes pragmatic experience can be affected by emotions. In this case, consumers believe that a utilitarian purchase can be pleasurable for a number of non-monetary and/or entertainment reasons, or even the simple emotion of getting a good deal [16] .
3. Research Method
3.1. Developing a Measure of Customer Experience
Experience dimensions were measured with various items. To develop these items, five information sources were used. First, we reviewed experience and emotions research. Secondly, we visited retailers from various sectors in Spain, with business strategies related to shopping experience dimensions. Thirdly, we interviewed consumers to tell us an experience that they remembered from the retail sectors that we wanted to study. With all this information, we developed a preliminary scale that represents five experience dimensions: emotional, sensory, intellectual, social, and pragmatic. Fourthly, we conducted in-depth interviews with ten consumers and a panel of experts (three retail managers and six expert researchers in retailing). The retail experts proposed us to divide intellectual experience into two dimensions: one through design and the other with employees. Finally, we performed a pre-test of measurement scales on experience dimensions. Personal interviews were conducted to a sample of thirty retailer-loyal consumers with experience in marketing strategies. The results allowed us to understand the measurement scales, removing ambiguous items or modifying wording to facilitate interpretation (see measurement scale in Table 1). The resulting measurement scale comprises six experience dimensions with 36 corresponding items. Each item was measured with likert scales (“1-Strongly Disagree” to “7-Strongly Agree”). In the case of emotional experience, it was measured as the intensity of emotions (“1-Not at All” to “7-Completely”).
3.2. Sample Description
Subsequently we conducted a field survey to assess customer opinions on experience dimensions. We used personal surveys on the street and online surveys. The sample consisted of 527 people from several cities in Spain. To be part of the sample the consumers had to shop in one of the indicated sectors in the last three months. In this way, consumers were invited to think and remember that shopping experience. The sample distribution was done by age (65% between 18 and 44 years and 35% over 45 years) and gender (43% male). Nine sectors were analyzed and the sample distribution is: clothing stores and fashion (44%); shoes (7.2%); cosmetics and perfumery (9%); jewelry (3.4%); sports (9.3%); computing and electronics (8.7%); decoration (6.6%); bookstores (9.1%) and toys (2.7%).
3.3. Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Scale
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to evaluate validity and reliability of the measurement scale [51] . EQS 6.2 was used to do this CFA. The overall fit of the measurement scale is good (BBNNFI = 0.855; CFI = 0.906; RMSEA = 0.044). All items were significant (p < 0.001) and considerable on their respective theoretical concepts. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was greater than 0.7, the composite reliability was greater than 0.7 and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was greater than 0.5.
4. Results on Perception of Retailers for Each Experience Dimension
Once the validity and reliability of the measurement scale is checked, we proceed to estimate the perception of each experience dimension as an average of the attributes that define them. In this way we obtain different results derived from the evaluation of the different retail sectors analyzed by type of experience (Figure 1). The emotional experience is mainly present in jewelry, sports, decoration, bookshop and toy sectors. The sensory experience is typical of the sectors of clothing stores and fashion, cosmetics and perfumery and bookstore. In book- store sector, all consumer experience modalities predominate (except pragmatic experience), as well as in the sports sector (except the sensory dimension) and in the cosmetic and perfumery sector (except the emotional experience). Shoe sectors are perceived as establishments offering a pragmatic experience and intellectual experience with employees. In computer and electronics sector, the pragmatic experience is the most relevant. The intellectual experience through design is observed in the following sectors: sports, decoration, bookshop, cosmetics and perfumery and clothing stores and fashion. The social experience is observed in clothing stores and fashion, sports, bookstore and cosmetics and perfumery.
5. Discussion
5.1. Theorical Contributions
Today’s consumer seeks to spend a fun shopping time away from the daily
routine. The retailers get this through the creation of shopping experiences. A unique and unrepeatable process of shopping leads retailers to create a strong emotional bond with the consumer. The main objective of this research was to analyze consumer experience dimensions when they shop offline. This research makes several contributions to the literature.
This study provides evidence that the generation of experiences involves the presence of more than one dimension. Our study identified five categories: sensory, intellectual, social, emotional and pragmatic experience. Our main effort was to design a scale to measure multidimensional experience. Retail experts contributions suggested we divide the intellectual experience into two dimensions, which was confirmed by the validity scale of measurement proposed later.
Analyzing the experiences by sectors of activity, the emotional experience predominates in some sectors, like jewelry or bookstore. These sectors are related to hedonic consumption and shopping pleasure, since in both cases they are products that are not of first necessity. In contrast, the pragmatic experience predominates in the shoes, cosmetics and perfumery and computing and electronics sector, which are more linked to the functionality of their products. As discussed previously, emotions can also be linked to pragmatic experience. This occurs in the sport, decoration and toy sectors, where both pragmatic experience and emotional experience are present. They are sectors where the consumer enjoys shopping at a good price, or with the non-monetary promotions they offer.
5.2. Management Implications
This article assumes the starting point from which retailers interested in marketing experiences should base their strategies. First of all, the retailer must encourage the type of experience that the consumers want according to their sector of activity. For example, retailers in the footwear sector should pay attention to utilitarian attributes of product assortment. It includes decisions on quality of products, price level and promotions.
Second, experience literature shows that it is very important to develop innovations related to experiences that generate emotions. Stimulating consumer curiosity, imagination and creativity in store can cause positive emotions. An important new tool to help retailers to do this is augmented reality. For example, Acustom Apparel Shop in Soho have a three-dimensional scanner body, and customers can choose fabrics, color… to make a suit, a shirt, jeans or a tailored suits with their measures.
Positive emotions can be completed with other experiences, as intellectual experience. For example, using a pleasantly designed store (furniture, decoration and equipment) to facilitate product display, arouse consumer curiosity, and invite the product test.
Furthermore, offering a complete experience through technology retail 3.0, with employees specially trained to offer a customized service, guidance to customers and help them to understand, enjoy and be creative with new products or services. The goal is that consumers perceive the buying process as an experience that allows them to analyze, together with others, the assortment of products from the store, socialize and access information offered by the retailer through social networks.
This study strengthens the idea that the consumer is a social being. For him, the experience that he gets from interacting with other consumers and with store employees is important. These interactions can go beyond, and take place in other environments like the online world. Retailers can benefit from these social experiences online if they know how to manage them.
Retailers should not forget the utilitarian attributes of their offer. Furthermore, retailers should have a mix of brands: manufacturer’s brand and store brand. Manufacturer’s brand can attract consumer to the store, but private labels can turn customer into fans.
Finally, retailers must not forget sensory experience perceived through senses. In a store all decisions affect, in one way or another, sensory perception: store lighting, smells, music, placement of products… This perception can complement the other experience dimensions, thereby helping to increase satisfaction. The retailer must pay attention to monitoring lighting, hedonic touch (where touch is an end by itself, a desirable experience, not essentially informative), music (tempo, volume and type) and smells that offer a very enjoyable shopping experience. A good example is “Starbucks Experience” and its aroma. The smells are so important that in 2008 they eliminated hot sandwiches from their assortment because it interfered with the coffee aroma. Feeling the brand through smell is essential for creating a consumer experience, establishing a closer relationship with the consumer.
Companies need to do more than just offer a good product or a good location; it’s not enough for success in retailing. Given the current competitive intensity they have to differentiate themselves from their competitors, and managing customer experiences offers a great opportunity to do this.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Cátedra Fundación Ramón Areces de Distribución Comercial (www.catedrafundacionarecesdcuniovi.es) for their valuable support to develop this empirical research.