1. Introduction
The universities in the 21st century take a new direction since the emergence of the universal phenomenon called globalization, this requires institutions of higher education (IES) to restructure their roles, objectives, goals and functions to the society, in effect, the dynamics of socio-economic growth, political, cultural, social and technological country requires the education sector generate potential solutions to reflect the quality of theoretical information received during the time of university education. For this reason, in today’s society, is evident the creation of a quality higher education system.
Of the United Nations Organization for education, science and culture organization (UNESCO), and international organizations seek to institutionalize strategies that ensure quality expertise and professionals of excellence [1] . In this regard, higher education must assume the power to successfully respond to the new challenges it unfolds in the context of the generation of the 21st century, it is therefore essential to develop tools of management and organizational transformation of the IES growth which are in a process of innovation, achievement of academic excellence and University accreditation.
Higher education regulators demand standards of excellence, therefore the problem that is investigated is to design a strategic model of university management as a management tool for the accreditation of IES. Based on this research, is indisputable that the self-evaluation should contemplate guiding activities of university processes and act as an administrative instrument for institutional managers.
The IES should promote the development of peoples through education entering with greater social and ethical commitment in the generation of research centres and intellectual debate of quality, for the production of innovative solutions to local, regional or national problems. According to the new education system is essential to ensure maximum objectivity and impartiality in the college planning to obtain, with a view to meeting high standards to evaluate and believe, not only agencies that regulate the system of higher education, but also, in a society that relies on the quality that offer higher education.
According to the research, the objective is to design a model strategy of University management through the critical analysis of the theoretical construct and practical perspective a research historical-hermetical, defined in six strategic axes of the University. The hypothetical assumption is to verify whether the relevant management of the components of the model allows the accreditation of IES.
2. Methodology
The meta-analysis is a methodology that performs a remote and systematic review of the primary information collected for any type of study; the articles that are selected become evidence with high levels of quality, due to the conditions and criteria that must be met to form part of this process [2] . Furthermore, this methodology enables the logical organization of the literature and allows the comparison of the results of one research with another, this procedure guides the researcher to take objective decisions, to generate critical results and judgment about the effect analyzed [3] [4] .
In fact, the technical richness and critical selection determines the quality of the theoretical construct of the strategic model of university management, guaranteeing a minimum bias of faults and validating each criterion applied in the model, consequently the integration of quantitative and qualitative results of the analyzed studies discard subjective propositions factors that disorient the fulfillment of the research objectives.
Figure 1 shows that the protocol aspects of the meta-analysis, the following were addressed: (a) description of the problem, which allowed the definition of the idea in precise, exact and explanatory terms; (b) a research question, to guide and delimit the study; (c) raise the initial statement of the behaviour of the investigated phenomenon and (d) main purpose of the investigation.
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Figure 1. Meta-analytic process of study.
The methodology of the study is based on analysis of eight models of evaluation of the quality of higher education employees in America and Europe, through the institutions responsible for regulating criteria and indicators that enable to meet college academic excellence. To validate the Builder model theorist was performed quantitative analysis of 485 sources for (a) administrative management, were employed 112; (b) teaching, 54; (c) student progress, 34; (d) support services, 134; (e) research, 46 and (f) university social importance, 105 sources.
Literature search strategies were integrated combining different selection criteria, in order to make a segmentation of appropriate research studies [5] . The specialized search was based on: studies published as books, scientific and encyclopedia articles, and not published as documents, theses, institutional web pages, newspaper articles, interviews and conference articles. The magnitude of information demanded to delimit the search through key terms: strategic planning, accreditation and university evaluation. In addition, another significant element was to consider the time and cost that was used. As well as to keep a systematic register of the information cataloged through computer search managers [6] .
Then it is essential to establish inclusion and exclusion criteria, which determine the optimal characteristics in common considering certain studies [7] . Subsequently, the quality of information was determined by the statistical calculation of the effect size of the test of homogeneity and heterogeneity, which is represented in a graph of forest plot that visually shows the similarities or differences between the analysed constructs of various studies was determined [8] [9] . Finally, the quantitative analysis of the sources reviewed according to the type of resource for each function was carried out.
3. Results
3.1. Aspects of the Protocol
Table 1 shows the guide for the development of the study based on the formalization of a strategic model that will improve university management for university management for accreditation purposes, landing in hypothetical starting scenarios as tentative axes for the definition of theoretical and operative constructs justified from the purpose of study purposes.
3.2. Parted Models
On the model of self-assessment for institutions of higher education, perfected by the Interuniversity Development Center (CINDA) of Chile, consists of five areas of specialization: teaching, research, extension, general academic area and management [10] ; in a study of Casal, published in University and in Barcelona knowledge society determine the comparison of indicators of quality of models of evaluation of the 11 countries with the largest number of IES, included in the academic world ranking of universities, where grouped in seven categories: (a) educational program; (b) organization of education; (c) human resources; (d) material resources; (e) educational process; (f) results and (g) research [11] .
Moreover, the basic system of indicators for the higher education of Latin America, developed by the integrated information system on the institutions of education (INFOCES) in Valencia-Spain is made up of dimensions, sub- dimensions, categories and indicators: (a) structure, comprises three sub-dimensions landed on 12 indicators, (b) results consists of three sub-dimensions, eight categories and 25 indicators (c) context consists of a sub-dimension and seven indicators, generating a total of 44 indicators [12] ; The Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG), prepared by the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education, European Students Union, European University Association, the European Association of Institutions in Higher Education, Education International, BUSINESSEUROPE, European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education, is composed of criteria and guidelines: (a) internal quality assurance in higher education institutions, (b) external quality assurance of higher education and (c) external quality assurance agencies [13] .
In regards to the model of the development of indicators on education in Latin America and the Caribbean established by the United Nations Organization for education, science and culture (UNESCO), is comprised of five categories: (a) demographic, social and economic context and overview of the education system; (b) resources in education; (c) performance of educational systems; (d) quality in education and (e) social impact of education [14] .
The model of academic performance indicators developed by the Latin American Association of colleges and schools of accounting and Administration (ALAFEC), presented at the 14th general Assembly of the institution in Panama consists of components, dimensions, categories, subcategories and indicators: (a) indicators by educational program and (b) concerning the academic entity [15] ; The model institutional self-evaluation for accreditation by the Council for evaluation, accreditation and assurance of the quality of higher education (CONEA), is composed of four main functions: (a) administrative management, (b) teaching, (c) research and (d) bonding [16] .
Finally, the generic model of evaluation of the environment of learning face-to-face careers and semi face-to-face of universities and polytechnic schools of Ecuador was analyze and also implemented by the CEAACES, consists of the criteria, and sub-criteria as well as indicators: (a) relevance, (b) curriculum, (c) Academy, (d) institutional environment and (e) students [17] .
3.3. Exclusion and Inclusion Criteria
Qualify in three inclusion criteria: reliable databases, bibliographic information according to their age and language and four exclusion criteria: no reliable sources, older than five years, incomplete bibliographical information and paid databases.
3.3.1. Reliable Data Bases
About of Table 2, we could know the data bases used for the investigation with their according percentages and frequencies.
Analyzed 485 sources employed in the study of the strategic model of University management, is determined that 47% of the sources were found in the Google books database.
3.3.2. Antiquity Information Related to Bibliography
Bibliography resources according to year and publications, for each function of the following model are showed in Table 3.
Whereas the meta-analytic process, most of the sources employed in the six functions come from not older than five years: (a) administrative management,
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Table 2. Sources for strategic models, according to university data bases.
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Table 3. Types of resources based on antiquity.
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Table 4. Types of idiomatic resources.
96.4%; (b) teaching, 96.30%; (c) student progress, 100%; (d) support services, 99.3%; (e) research, 100% and (f) university social importance, 95.2%.
3.3.3. Language (Idiomatic)
Table 4 indicates the bibliography resourcing based on language (Idiom) of the research paper.
After analyzing the 485 sources, determines that 95.83% are in Spanish language.
3.4. Quality of Registered Data
3.4.1. Analysis of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity
The analysis of homogeneity and heterogeneity of each function proposed for the model is pointed in Table 5.
Through this analysis determines the quality of information managed in the construct of the strategic model of university management, processing the sources is determined in each function homogeneity outperforms the heterogeneity with the following values: (a) administrative management, 62.50%; (b)teaching, 61.10%; (c) student progress, 61.80%; (d) support services, 67.20%; (e) research, 71.70% and (f)university social importance, 73.30%.
3.4.2. Size of the Homogeneity Test
To determine the quality of information is processed data and it was considered criteria of homogeneity and heterogeneity, which was evaluated in the six functions of the model, the size of the effect of each study is represented by a square whose area is proportional to the weight “Weight” (WGHT (kg)), located in the fourth column of the right side of the graph, in the same way each study confidence interval is represented by lines parallel to the axis of the “x” located on
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Table 5. Analysis of homogeneity and heterogeneity.
each side of the size of the effect of study accordingly, (0.1 - 1) homogeneity and heterogeneity (1 - 2), values that are observed in the second column of lower level of confidence “Lower Confidence” (LCL) and in the third column the higher level of confidence “Upper Confidence” (UCL), in the middle of chart displays a vertical line that symbolizes the null studies effect i.e. they do not represent a significant value to determine the quality of information, value in the first column as “Odds Ratio” (OR), showing the difference half typified or relative risk with a value of one, the usefulness of this statistical index allows you to connect and compare all the results obtained through different qualitative assessment scales used in the studies reviewed. The overall effect was calculated using the average value of the impact of homogeneity and heterogeneity of the studies in each function, its value is 0.54, figured in a rhombus; whose location shows us that there was greater homogeneity in the investigation, because it is located on the left side of the zero effect line, as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2. Plot or chart the size of the effect of the test of homogeneity and heterogeneity.
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Table 6. Quantitive analysis of each function.
3.5. Quantitative Analysis of the Given Research
The data the quantitive analysis of the proposal model in each function are shown in Table 6.
According to the process meta-analytic carried out to classify the 485 sources according to the type of the resource, (a) administrative management was obtained 67.9% for books; (b) teaching, 44.4% of the resources used as institutional websites public or private; (c) student progress, 32.4% for documents; (d) support services, 44% on books in the same way for (e) research, 87% in books and to (f) university social importance a 44.8% in books.
3.6. Strategic Model of University Management.
Eight models of evaluation and institutional self-evaluation for accreditation applied by several entities in America and Europe took as the basis for the creation of the strategic model of University management. The proposed model contains six functions, 12 areas, 28 features, 111 quality standards, indicators 188 and 937 evidence. To collect the information is proposed to the designed a virtual, dynamic and interactive platform called system of accreditation and strategic assessment for higher education (SAEES), which creates an experience for the 28 units of analysis of information, known as informants: Dean, Sub Dean, Coordinator of career, General Secretariat, Secretariat of the career, teachers, students, administrative staff, workers, Committee on bonding, Academic research, human resources, planning unit, titration unit, Commission of intern, qualified informants, documentation centre and library, Department of physical development, computer unit, financial management, University welfare, monitoring unit to Alumni/graduates, physical culture, student representative, graduates, graduates and staff support to teaching, who have the responsibility of delivering evidence for the appropriateness of activities within its competence fulfillment.
The model it’s valid by 514 customer opinions (which let the opinions to be evaluated) and 423 interviews (that allow analyzing documentary information), to evaluate the evidence is considered a four-level scale. The indicators are presented in four dimensions and 12 basic variables of excellence, which assesses the subject of quality and relevance that should be considered in the development of the activities to be pursued to reach for the fulfillment of the indicator. The coding of the indicators consists of two parts: an alphabetical and other numerical starting from left to right. In the alphabetical part two first letters we directed to the dimension, the following letters characterise the variable, the first numerical digit shows the function, the second level and the third is the logical sequence of the dimension and a variable within the scope. As shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 proposes a model with six functions, which includes processes and modular activities of the primordial elements that intervene in university work, referred to as functions: administration, teaching, student progress, support services, research and university social transcendence [18] [19] [20] [21] .
3.6.1. Administrative Management Function
Administrative Management in Higher Education allows to analyze two areas: (a) internal, is responsible for implementing improvements to satisfy students in the use of libraries, recreational areas, simulators, medical and psychological dispensaries; (b) external, national and international agreements are held to participate in forums, student scholarships, study programs and all activities that allow the well-being of the applicant [22] .
Accordingly, by their level of academic importance was weighted to the field (a) one mission and institutional plan with a value of 5%; (b) two administration
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Figure 3. Strategic model for the management (university use).
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Figure 4. Weighting of the administrative management function.
and management, 12%; (c) three budget and financial resources, 5%; and (d) four university welfare, 7%. Values that they generate 29% for administrative management, about 100% of the strategic model of University Management raised, are as shown in Figure 4.
3.6.2. Teaching Function
This function comprises indicators that refer to activities that develop one of the main elements of the educational process as it is teaching. A teacher is a suitable person to develop human progress, the Enhancer of knowledge of students. The importance of not only teaching focuses on issue hours of classes, but rather focuses on entering the mind of the students so they can acquire a favorable society intellectual thought, exploiting way consent the knowledge [23] [24] . However the importance of a faculty is not fundamental in its entirety because despite being the main actor for the teaching of a new knowledge, it is the student who must acquire and apply the taught, establishing him as the indispensable element within University Learning [25] .
By their level of importance and value to the University community is weighted to the field five, academic staff with a value of 12%, generating 12% for teaching, as shown in Figure 5.
3.6.3. Student Progress Function
The students deserve a quality education with worthy knowledge in its academic and pedagogical training through an effective methodology that allows you to face a world with several problems. The students are in need of receiving different psycho-pedagogical theories that reinforce learning and motivation for the student progress, guaranteeing education first for the advancement of society. Similarly, article 5 of the organic law of higher education says that the quality and relevance of education is a right which guarantees equal opportunities in the process of training [26] .
Thus was weighted to the field number six, curriculum and training process with a value of 15% and to the field seven, pedagogy with a value of 3%, weighting that generates 18% for student progress function, as shown in Figure 6.
3.6.4. Support Services Function
When the quality of the different services on the institutions: library, computer laboratories, maintenance cleaning [27] . Algunas instituciones de educación superior manifiestan, que la calidad de la enseñanza se ve reflejada Some higher education institutions express, that the quality of education is reflected in the particularity of the services that provide daily institutions, since they influence
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Figure 5. Weighting of the teaching function.
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Figure 6. Weighting of the student progress function.
the motivation of the entire University community, as well as aspects academic support to cultural, sports themes and services coexistence [28] . Therefore, by their level of importance and rating for the institution, is weighted to the field eight, documentation centre with a value of 7% and for the so-called nine, institutional infrastructure, 6% generating 13% for the support services feature, as shown in Figure 7.
3.6.5. Research Function
The University was currently not should focus only on the transmission of information, because its management engine is the generation of new knowledge that contributes to improve the quality of life of current and future of the whole society, therefore to develop the art experts think, analyze, investigate and fully exploit scarce and available resources is essential to promote a research culture in the training of new professionals [29] [30] .
If the universities promote autonomous learners they deliver to the society beings capable of changing humanity, a world and a universe increasingly interactive and demanding, so the Ecuadorian Government tries to strengthen the investigative field through scholarships and national and international exchanges for teachers and researchers in order to acquire new knowledge, enabling you to develop your own judgment and creativity [31] . In this sense, is weighted to the field 10 so-called scientific and technological research with 14%, value that generates 14% for the research function, as shown in Figure 8.
3.6.6. University Social Importance Function
Factors to evaluate to determine the relevance and quality of higher education
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Figure 7. Weighting of the support services function.
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Figure 8. Weighting of the research function.
vary depending on the perspective analyzed in each country, in the case of Spain the bodies responsible for custom learning in higher education are grouped in the following areas: organization and management, curriculum design, educational environment, skills of teachers, pedagogical processes and social significance, the latter include activities related to those that are grouped in connection with the community [32] , for this reason changing the function called bonding with the community to university Social transcendence. In Ecuador the system of higher education in chapter I, article 17 expressed that institutions will maintain a relationship of protection and cooperation among them and with the society, based on the principles of Justice and equity that authorizes law [26] .
I.e., actions developed according to the needs of the local and national region (bonding with the community) enable the University community to be an entity with autonomy socially responsible, in this sense we have inclusion of university social responsibility, in order to create professional integrals with multivariate thinking not only as an expert, but as a citizen in search of the good life of a developing State generates a university social importance as says it the National Ministry of planning and development [33] [34] .
Therefore, with the information provided above is it weighted the field 11 and 12 link with the community and institutional impact with a value of 7% for each; this form generates 14% for university social transcendence function, as shown in Figure 9.
4. Conclusions
1) Was considered the accreditation as the value judgment that examines the suitability and relevance of institutional programs, process that is performed by the fulfilment of quality standards that establish the organizations in charge of regulating the excellence in higher education For the study eight models prevailed that contributed significantly to the design of the proposal, therefore this management tool will allow the IES to raise its level of academic excellence according to national and international scenarios.
2) To substantiate the construct of study criteria for strategic model of University management, using a systematic methodology of management of information called meta-analysis, we evaluated strategies the literature search, the
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Figure 9. Weighting of the university social importance function.
criteria for inclusion and exclusion of the articles, the quality and quantitative analysis of the studies reviewed, the research was used in mostly books from the Google Books database, sources with no more than five years, Spanish-language old and established a homogeneity with an average of 0.54 based on the criteria of the authors outperformed the heterogeneity.
3) Identified six elements guidelines or strategic functions of the University management that contribute to the development of institutional quality, administrative management is evaluated on 29%, he is responsible for the planning, organization, direction, and control of compliance and achievement of institutional objectives, is composed of four areas, (a) mission and plan has a weighting of 5%, contains two properties, four banners, 11 quality indicators, 47 evidence and two evaluation tools; (b) administration and management has a value of 12%, consists of four features, 16 standards, 28 indicators of quality, 88 evidence and two evaluation tools; (c) budget and financial resources has a value of 5% and is composed of a characteristic, nine standards, 13 indicators of quality, 21 evidence and two evaluation tools; and (d) University welfare with a value of 7% that contains a feature, six standards, 16 indicators of quality, 47 evidence and two evaluation tools.
- Teaching considers 12%, its purpose is to organize those activities developed by one of the major players in the University level as it is the teacher, this function contains a single field named academic staff, therefore assessed above 12%, contains three features, 11 banners, 18 quality indicators, 83 evidence and two evaluation tools.
- Student progress is evaluated on 18%, it is the axis facing the psycho-peda- gogic pressures to improve the quality of education, thus becoming a priority strategy for IES, is composed of two fields: (a) academic program and learning process has a weighting of 15%, contains six features, 20 standards, 25 quality indicators, 87 evidence and two instruments of assessment; and (b) pedagogy is evaluated about 3%, it contains two features, four standards, five indicators of quality, 13 evidence and two evaluation tools.
- Support services are evaluated on 13%, it is considered that education is conditioned by the services which daily provide the IES and influence the motivation of the entire University community. This function is composed of two fields, (a) documentation centre has a weighting of 7%, contains a feature, five standards, 12 indicators of quality, 36 evidence and two evaluation tools; and (b) institutional infrastructure is evaluated about 6%, consists of two features, four standards, nine quality indicators, 30 evidence and two evaluation tools.
- Research is evaluated on a total of 14%, is the management engine for the generation of professionals who contribute to the creation of new knowledge and improve the quality of life of current and future of society It is comprised of a field named scientific and technological research with a 14% weighting, contains two properties, 15 standards, 24 indicators of quality, 65 evidence and two evaluation tools.
- University Social importance is evaluated on a total of 14%, is the shaft that works according to the needs of the region locally and nationally to enabling the University to be an entity with socially responsible autonomy, is composed of two fields, (a) link with the community has a weighting of 7%, contains a feature, five standards, 10 quality indicators, 27 evidence contains and two instruments of evaluation; and (b) institutional impact with a weight of 7%, three features, 13 standards, 17 indicators of quality, 30 evidence and two evaluation tools.
Higher education institutions have a responsibility to train professionals with procedural, cognitive ability and attitude of quality in order to face the new challenges of the globalized society, is indispensable to use tools of management and organizational growth, one of the tools most used by the directors of the institutions and all the agencies that govern the educational system the University evaluation, is the study model evaluates six strategic axes: administrative management, teaching, student progress, support services, research and University Social importance.