Associated Factors and Impacts of Social Phobia on Academic Performance among Students from the University of Parakou (UP) ()
Received 21 February 2016; accepted 19 March 2016; published 22 March 2016
1. Introduction
Social phobia disorder was not noticed in the DSM III until 1980 [1] . This disorder is characterized by the fear of being exposed to others’ observations, at the risk of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing manner. It is usually underpinned by the fear of being subjected to criticism from others and decline of self-esteem [2] . Although social phobia often sets up early in the life of a person between 14 and 24 years old, it is diagnosed quite later on because the subjects are ashamed of their weakness and fear the misunderstanding and the helplessness of their circle. The somatic manifestations of this anxiety usually amplify phobic fear by increasing the fear of shaking, urinating, or fainting in public. In addition, avoidance conducts are some usual consequence of phobic anxiety but mostly, that of anticipatory anxiety. This leads to the belief that any confrontation can only be catastrophic, thus playing the role of a real contributor to such disorder.
It is noteworthy that the prevalence of social phobia can significantly vary according to the criteria and questionnaires. For instance, in a DSM III criteria-based US study by the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS-R), Magee et al. [3] reported a 13.3% prevalence of social phobia. Moreover, as for Kessler et al. [4] , social phobia affected one out of eight people from the general population and lifetime prevalence was 8%. In the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) led by Lépine et al. [5] , social phobia prevalence in France within the last twelve months and over lifetime was 1.7% and 4.7% respectively.
Students are familiar to the stress preceding written or oral examinations, oral presentations or simply the fact of speaking in class or among peers. That sort of anxiety compels restraint and undermines the efforts of students to express themselves within groups. As far as the socio-phobic students are concerned, this anxiety is excessive and may affect their academic performance. It may also cause addictions to psychoactive substances. In our societies, social phobia is known to exist although people have always disregarded it. The existence of little or no records about social phobia justifies our interest in this subject.
2. Methods
In this research work, a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to June 2015, focusing on students enrolled at the University of Parakou (UP) for the 2014-2015 academic year. However, evening class students as well as those who did not register before the survey had been excluded. A systematic sampling method by random sampling was used as follow: setting up a numbered list of students registered in each training and research college of UP, selecting colleges and years of study at random. At the end, seven faculties were selected. Then, a sampling interval was determined within each institution based on the ratio between the number of students of the institution and the corresponding sample size. The first student was chosen from a random number ranged from 1 and the total number of students. The following student was then selected by applying the sampling interval process until the size (N) of the sample from the whole university is reached, using the Schwartz formula:
with n = minimum number of students to investigate
Zα = (Uα)
α = accepted error risk (5%)
Uα = difference limited to the risk α (1.96)
p: prevalence of studied phenomenon à p = 4.3% [6]
q = 1 p = 1 − 043 = 0.957
i = 2.19% (desired accuracy for our results)
A minimum number of students study n = 329.61 with a margin of 10% helped to get a size of 362.57, that is 363 students.
The dependent variable was the social phobia with the modality yes/no. As for the independent variables, they were related to socio-demographic and cultural characteristics, the behaviors of addiction to substances and the impacts of social phobia on academic performance. A questionnaire including the MINI [7] [8] for tracking social phobia among students, the Liebowitz’s social phobia intensity rating scale for assessing the intensity of social phobia [9] , and the Assessment Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test [10] , to search for the use of psychoactive substances, was used for data collection by a team of seven students surveyors from the epidemiology school of UP in accordance with ethical principles contained in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki [11] .
Data processing and analysis were conducted using the software EPI DATA 3.1fr and EPI info Version 7. Concerning qualitative variables, they were expressed in frequency with their confidence interval rated 95%. Finally, Karl Pearson’s khi-square test or Fischer’s test was used for frequency comparison depending on the case, with a statistical significance threshold for p less than 5%.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Students
The study population amounted to 363 students, consisting of 268 (73.83%) male subjects with a sex-ratio of 2.82. The average age was 22.69 ± 2.97 years ranging from 16 to 42 years. Students in the age group 15 to 25 years accounted for 82.64%. They belonged to the socio cultural group Fon and 41.6% of them were related; besides, 73% were Christians.
3.2. Prevalence of Social Phobia
Forty-two students out of the 363 surveyed were social-phobic. The prevalence of social phobia among students from the University of Parakou in 2015 was 11.6% [CI95% = 10.9 to 21.2]. The intensity of social phobia was as follow: Moderate 66.67%, Medium 21.43%, Severe 7.14% and Very Severe 4.76%.
3.3. Factors Associated to Social Phobia among UP Students in 2015
1) Gender and Age
Female students showed severe and very severe intensity of social phobia. That intensity varied significantly according to the gender (p = 0.01). Table 1 shows the prevalence of social phobia based on gender and age.
2) Social phobia, residence and living environment
3) Social phobia, field of education and year of study
In fact, students from agronomy faculty represented more than 6/33 (18.18%) of socio-phobic population compared with other faculties. In other words, the intensity of social phobia varies significantly depending on the field of study [p = 0.02 (Chi-squared = 31.77, Degrees of freedom = 18)]. Based on this, we can say that socio-phobic of the first and second year had a severe social phobia with a statistically significant difference.
4) Social phobia and addiction to psychoactive substances
3.4. Social Phobia (SP) Impacts on Academic Performance (AP)
Academic performance of 57.14% of socio-phobic students were affected by social phobia.
4. Discussion
4.1. Social Phobia Prevalence
Considering the fact that we do not use the same data collection method, we often encounter great difficulty in
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Table 1. Prevalence of social phobia according to gender and age (N = 363; UP, 2015).
comparing studies on social phobia. Besides, the types of criteria used made the comparison of the results from one study to another one extremely difficult. Then, it emerges from this study that the prevalence of social phobia was 11.6% [CI95% = 10.9 to 21.2] among students of Parakou University in 2015. In fact, this prevalence is lower than those found in Canada, Quebec and Switzerland [12] - [14] , respectively 13.0%; 13.0% and 14.3%. Moreover, a study on a series of Maudsney Hospital’s phobic consultants, conducted by Marks [15] in 1970, noted a prevalence of 8% lower than that found in this study.
4.2. Social Phobia, Gender and Age
Twenty to two hundred sixty-eight (9.32%) male students surveyed were socio-phobic against 17/95 (17.89%) female students (see Table 1). Female subjects were suffering mainly from social phobia and this was confirmed by Berghändler et al. [14] , Switzerland, in his report. All the same, an update in the treatment of anxiety disorders by Bernier et al. [13] found that social phobia would affect more women than men at a ratio of three women for every two men. On this point, social phobia in schools maintains psychological distress whose average score for female students (13.45 ± 5.50) is significantly more severe than that of male students (11.78 ± 5.08) [16] .
It appears from our study that the prevalence of social phobia was 11.7% for students aged 15 to 25, 11.3% for those aged 25 to 35 and zero for those aged 35 to 45. It seems therefore that students develop protective factors against the disorder as they get older and progress in their studies.
4.3. Social Phobia and Living Environment
As revealed previously, UP students living in rural areas were more socio-phobic than those living in urban areas (see Table 2). In other words, the prevalence of social phobia varied significantly depending on the type of environment (p = 0.03). On the one hand, 10.2% of 137 students living with their parents in Parakou were socio-phobic against 12.4% for those living far from their parents. On the other hand, those not living with their parents but rather with their brothers accounted 22.6% of socio-phobic. Accordingly, the socio-phobic of the first and second year showed a severe social phobia with a statistically significant difference (see Table 3). In reality, these undergraduates seemed most vulnerable as they were entering a university world where they were forced to live far away from their parents for the first time [17] . Therefore, a comfortable social environment would be a protective factor against social phobia among students from the University of Parakou and also against the separation anxiety.
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Table 2. Prevalence of social phobia based on residence and living environment, (N = 363; UP, 2015).
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Table 3. Distribution of socio phobic-students based on year of study and intensity of social phobia (N = 363; UP, 2015).
Chi-squared = 31.89; Degrees of freedom = 18; p = 0.02
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Table 4. Distribution of socio-phobic students based on alcohol addiction and risk of dependency (N = 363; UP, 2015).
4.4. Social Phobia among Students from UP and Psychoactive Substances Consumption
As mentioned above, some socio-phobic students would drink alcohol to manage their disorder while others would rather go for anxiolytics (see Table 4). Indeed, alcohol and anxiolytics were used respectively by 23.8% and 9.5% socio-phobic students and Grebot et al. [18] reported that 35% to 45% of these students would use sleep as solution while 13% would rather use alcohol, drugs or other toxic substances. Hence, access to university is a rite of stressful passage causing dysfunctional adjustment strategies for 1st and 2nd year students. Moreover, they use psychoactive substances as anxiolytic, which is an inadequate anti-phobia behavior. Then, the existence of a dependency risk, yet low, doesn’t always immune from cognitive and behavioral damage.
4.5. Social Phobia and Academic Performance
Referring to what has been said so far, social phobia affects the academic performance of 57.14% of Parakou University students showing this disorder (see Table 5); it induces a decline in academic performance among such students. According to Delgado et al. [19] , adolescents with social anxiety unlike those without social an-
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Table 5. Distribution of socio-phobic students: impact of social phobia (SP) on academic performance (AP) and therapeutic remedy (N = 363; UP, 2015).
xiety, consider themselves less socially competent and present a low-level self-esteem. Also, the progress of the disorder is chronic and characterized by a significant professional impact frequency which is very disabling. As a result, the repeated failures it causes can induce depression whose suicidal risk is considered to be present in about 40% of socio-phobic [20] .
5. Conclusion
In a nutshell, it emerges from this study that many students from Parakou University Campus suffer from social phobia. Furthermore, this is predominant among female subjects and is often a breeding ground for other pathologies such as addiction to psychoactive substances to set up. All the same, it affects students’ academic performance. Finally, this anxiety disorder deserves to be spotted as systematically as possible so as to refer students to specific therapeutic remedies.
Conflicts of Interest
None.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.