Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences > AiM
Share This Article:

Expression of T4HR1, a 1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene Reductase Gene Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis, Is Enhanced by Near-Ultraviolet Irradiation in Bipolaris oryzae

Full-Text HTML XML Download Download as PDF (Size:1381KB) PP. 166-176
DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.53016    2,610 Downloads   3,057 Views   Citations

ABSTRACT

Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown spot disease in rice and produces the dark pigment melanin. We isolated and characterized T4HR1 gene encoding 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) reductase, which converted 1,3,6,8-THN to scytalone in the melanin biosynthesis from B. oryzae. A sequence analysis showed that the T4HR1 gene encoded a putative protein of 268 amino acids showing 50% - 99% sequence identity to other fungal 1,3,6,8-THN reductases. Targeted disruption of the T4HR1 gene showed a different phenotype of mycelial color due to an accumulation of shunt products compared to those of wild-type on PDA plates using tricyclazole as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of T4HR1 transcripts was enhanced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation and regulated by transcriptional factor BMR1, similar to three other melanin biosynthesis genes (polyketide synthase gene [PKS1], scytalone dehydratase gene [SCD1], and 1,3,8-THN reductase gene [THR1]) in the melanin biosynthesis of B. oryzae. These results suggested that common transcriptional mechanisms could regulate the enhanced gene expression of these melanin biosynthesis genes by NUV irradiation in B. oryzae.

Cite this paper

Tanaka, N. , Haruki, Y. , Ueno, M. , Arase, S. and Kihara, J. (2015) Expression of T4HR1, a 1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene Reductase Gene Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis, Is Enhanced by Near-Ultraviolet Irradiation in Bipolaris oryzae. Advances in Microbiology, 5, 166-176. doi: 10.4236/aim.2015.53016.

References

[1] Bell, A.A. and Wheeler, M.H. (1986) Biosynthesis and Functions of Fungal Melanins. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24, 411-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002211
[2] Butler, M.J. and Day, A.W. (1998) Fungal Melanins: A Review. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 1115-1136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-119
[3] Henson, J.M., Butler, M.J. and Day, A.W. (1999) The Dark Side of the Mycelium: Melanins of Phytopathogenic Fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 37, 447-471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.447
[4] Wang, Y. and Casadevall, A. (1994) Decreased Susceptibility of Melanized Cryptococcus neoformans to UV Light. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 3864-3866.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986054
[5] Rehnstrom, A.L. and Free, S.J. (1996) The Isolation and Characterization of Melanin-Deficient Mutants of Monilinia fructicola. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 49, 321-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1996.0057
[6] Kawamura, C., Tsujimoto, T. and Tsuge T (1999) Targeted Disruption of a Melanin Biosynthesis Gene Affects Conidial Development and UV Tolerance in the Japanese Pear Pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 12, 59-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.1.59
[7] Gao, Q.J. and Garcia-Pichel, F. (2011) Microbial Ultraviolet Sunscreens. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 9, 791-802.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2649
[8] Purschwits, J., Müller, S., Kastner, C. and Fischer, R. (2006) Seeing the Rainbow: Light Sensing in Fungi. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 9, 566-571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2006.10.011
[9] Herrera-Estrella, A. and Horwitz, B.A. (2007) Looking through the Eyes of Fungi: Molecular Genetics of Photoreception. Molecular Microbiology, 64, 5-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05632.x
[10] Corrochano, L.M. (2007) Fungal Photoreceptors: Sensory Molecules for Fungal Development and Behaviour. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 6, 725-736.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b702155k
[11] Idnurm, A., Vernma, S. and Corrochano, L.M. (2010) A Glimpse into the Basis of Vision in the Kingdom Mycota. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 47, 881-892.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.009
[12] Rodriguez-Romero, J., Hedtke, M., Kastner, C., Müller, S. and Fischer, R. (2010) Fungi, Hidden in Soil or Up in the Air: Light Makes a Difference. Annual Review of Microbiology, 64, 585-610.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134000
[13] Kubo, Y., Tsuda, M., Furusawa, I. and Shishiyama, J. (1989) Genetic Analysis of Genes Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis of Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Experimental Mycology, 13, 77-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5975(89)90010-8
[14] Tajima, S., Kubo, Y., Furusawa, I. and Shishiyama, J. (1989) Purification of a Melanin Biosynthetic Enzyme Converting Scytalone to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene from Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Experimental Mycology, 13, 69-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5975(89)90009-1
[15] Leach, C.M. (1961) The Sporulation of Helminthosporium oryzae as Affected by Exposure to Near Ultraviolet Radiation and Dark Periods. Canadian Journal of Botany, 39, 705-715.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b61-057
[16] Kumagai, T. (1983) Action Spectra for the Blue and Near-Ultraviolet Reversible Photoreaction in the Induction of Fungal Conidiation. Physiologia Plantarum, 57, 468-471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb02770.x
[17] Moriwaki, A., Kihara, J., Kobayashi, T., Tokunaga, T., Arase, S. and Honda, Y. (2004) Insertional Mutagenesis and Characterization of a Polyketide Synthase Gene (PKS1) Required for Melanin Biosynthesis in Bipolaris oryzae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 238, 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09729.x
[18] Kihara, J., Moriwaki, A., Ueno, M., Tokunaga, T., Arase, S. and Honda, Y. (2004) Cloning, Functional Analysis and Expression of a Scytalone Dehydratase Gene (SCD1) Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Current Genetics, 45, 197-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-003-0477-1
[19] Kihara, J., Moriwaki, A., Ito, M., Arase, S. and Honda, Y. (2004) Expression of THR1, a 1,3,8-Trihydroxynaphthalene Reductase Gene Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae, Is Enhanced by Near-Ultraviolet Radiation. Pigment Cell Research, 17, 15-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-0749.2003.00102.x
[20] Vidal-Cros, A., Viviani, F., Labesse, G., Boccara, M. and Gaudry, M. (1994) Polyhydroxynaphthalene Reductase Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis in Magnaporthe grisea. Purification, cDNA Cloning and Sequencing. European Journal of Biochemistry, 219, 985-992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18581.x
[21] Thompson, J.E., Fahnestock, S., Farrall, L., Liao, D., Valent, B. and Jordan, D.B. (2000) The Second Naphthol Reductase of Fungal Melanin Biosynthesis in Magnaporthe grisea. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 34867-34872.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006659200
[22] Tsuji, G., Sugahara, T., Fujii, I., Mori, Y., Ebizuka, Y., Shiraishi, T. and Kubo, Y. (2003) Evidence for Involvement of Two Naphthol Reductases in the First Reduction Step of Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway of Colletotrichum lagenarium. Mycological Research, 107, 854-860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756203008001
[23] Engh, I., Nowrousian, M. and Kück, U. (2007) Regulation of Melanin Biosynthesis via the Dihydroxynaphthalene Pathway Is Dependent on Sexual Development in the Ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 275, 62-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00867.x
[24] Eliahu, N., Igbaria, A., Rose, M.S., Horwitz, B.A. and Lev, S. (2007) Melanin Biosynthesis in the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus Depends on Two Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Chk1 and Mps1, and the Transcription Factor Cmr1. Eukaryotic Cell, 6, 421-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/EC.00264-06
[25] Kihara, J., Sato, A., Okajima, S. and Kumagai, T. (2001) Molecular Cloning, Sequence Analysis and Expression of Novel Gene Induced by Near-UV Light in Bipolaris oryzae. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 266, 64-71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380100519
[26] Kihara, J., Moriwaki, A., Matsuo, N., Arase, S. and Honda, Y. (2004) Cloning, Functional Characterization, and Near-Ultraviolet Radiation-Enhanced Expression of a Photolyase Gene (PHR1) from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Current Genetics, 46, 37-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-004-0507-7
[27] Kihara, J., Tanaka, N., Ueno, M. and Arase, S. (2014) Identification and Expression Analysis of Regulatory Genes Induced by Near-Ultraviolet Irradiation in Bipolaris oryzae. Advances in Microbiology, 4, 233-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2014.45030
[28] Kihara, J., Moriwaki, A., Tanaka, N., Tanaka, C., Ueno, M. and Arase, S. (2008) Characterization of the BMR1 Gene Encoding a Transcriptional Factor for Melanin Biosynthesis Genes in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 281, 221-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01101.x
[29] Davidson, R.C., Blankenship, J.R., Kraus, P.R., de Jesus Berrios, M., Hull, C.M., D’Souza, C., Wang, P. and Heitman, J. (2002) A PCR-Based Strategy to Generate Integrative Targeting Alleles with Large Regions of Homology. Microbiology, 148, 2607-2615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177355
[30] Yu, J.H., Hamari, Z., Han, K.H., Seo, J.A., Reyes-Dominguez, Y. and Scazzocchio, C. (2004) Double-Joint PCR: A PCR-Based Molecular Tool for Gene Manipulations in Filamentous Fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 41, 973-981.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2004.08.001
[31] Nayak, T., Szewczyk, E., Oakley, C.E., Osmani, A., Ukil, L., Murray, S.L., Hynes, M.J., Osmani, S.A. and Oakley, B.R. (2006) A Versatile and Efficient Gene-Targeting System for Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics, 172, 1557-1566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.052563
[32] Kimura, N. and Tsuge, T. (1993) Gene Cluster Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis of the Filamentous Fungus Alternaria alternate. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 4427-4435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8392512
[33] Verwoerd, T.C., Dekker, B.M.M. and Hoekema, A. (1989) A Small-Scale Procedure for the Rapid Isolation of Plant RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 2362.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.6.2362
[34] Kihara, J., Moriwaki, A., Tanaka, N., Ueno, M. and Arase, S. (2007) Characterization of the BLR1 Gene Encoding a Putative Blue-Light Regulator in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 266, 110-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00514.x

  
comments powered by Disqus
AiM Subscription
E-Mail Alert
AiM Most popular papers
Publication Ethics & OA Statement
AiM News
Frequently Asked Questions
Recommend to Peers
Recommend to Library
Contact Us

Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.